Free‐Living Waterfowl and Shorebirds

Mulcahy, Daniel M.

doi:10.1002/9780470376478.ch23

Cited by 10 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 131 publications

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“…1 Birds were captured at night and held in small animal cages with access to food and water until the morning. They were then anesthetized with intravenous propofol as described by Mulcahy (2014), intubated and connected to a constant-volume ventilator. Birds were hyperventilated until the spontaneous drive to breathe was lost.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory mechanics of eleven avian species resident at high and low altitude

York

Chua

Ivy

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The metabolic cost of breathing at rest has never been successfully measured in birds, but has been hypothesized to be higher than in mammals of a similar size because of the rocking motion of the avian sternum being encumbered by the pectoral flight muscles. To measure the cost and work of breathing, and to investigate whether species resident at high altitude exhibit morphological or mechanical changes that alter the work of breathing, we studied 11 species of waterfowl: five from high altitudes (>3000 m) in Peru, and six from low altitudes in Oregon, USA. Birds were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated in sternal recumbency with known tidal volumes and breathing frequencies. The work done by the ventilator was measured, and these values were applied to the combinations of tidal volumes and breathing frequencies used by the birds to breathe at rest. We found the respiratory system of high-altitude species to be of a similar size, but consistently more compliant than that of lowaltitude sister taxa, although this did not translate to a significantly reduced work of breathing. The metabolic cost of breathing was estimated to be between 1 and 3% of basal metabolic rate, as low or lower than estimates for other groups of tetrapods.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory mechanics of eleven avian species resident at high and low altitude

York

Chua

Ivy

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…We are unsure as to why the ducks did not obtain deeper levels of anesthesia, but another consideration is the amount of stress during manual handling. Avian species with higher amounts of stress are more likely to resist anesthetic induction than less stressed (Mulcahy, ). This factor warrants additional investigation for accurate dosing and assessing hemodynamic and physiologic status, which could help determine the use of alfaxalone in semi‐aquatic avian species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another possible reason for decreased sedative effects compared to other animals is the route of administration. Intramuscular administration of many anesthetic agents in mallard ducks has resulted in inadequate sedation due to poor drug uptake from the pectoral musculature (Mulcahy, ). Although bioavailability in this study was approximately 100%, the low C max and generally lower plasma concentrations compared to IV administration may be the reason for decreased sedative effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone after a single intramuscular or intravascular injection in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)

Kruse

Messenger

Bowman

et al. 2019

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone was performed in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) after single bolus injections of 10 mg/kg administered intramuscularly (IM; n = 10) or intravenously (IV; n = 10), in a randomized cross‐over design with a washout period between doses. Mean (±SD) Cmax following IM injection was 1.6 (±0.8) µg/ml with Tmax at 15.0 (±10.5) min. Area under the curve (AUC) was 84.66 and 104.58 min*mg/ml following IV and IM administration, respectively. Volume of distribution (VD) after IV dose was 3.0 L/kg. The mean plasma clearance after 10 mg/kg IV was 139.5 (±67.9) ml min−1 kg−1. Elimination half‐lives (mean [±SD]) were 15.0 and 16.1 (±3.0) min following IV and IM administration, respectively. Mean bioavailability at 10 mg/kg IM was 108.6%. None of the ducks achieved a sufficient anesthetic depth for invasive procedures, such as surgery, to be performed. Heart and respiratory rates measured after administration remained stable, but many ducks were hyperexcitable during recovery. Based on sedation levels and duration, alfaxalone administered at dosages of 10 mg/kg IV or IM in mallard ducks does not induce clinically acceptable anesthesia.

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“…Pulses may be palpable at the tibiotarsal or deep radial artery. 5,6 A weak or thready pulse can be a sign of shock, whereas an absent pulse can indicate cardiac asystole, peripheral vasoconstriction, hypovolemia, or hypotension. 7 The basilic vein or cutaneous ulnar vein can be digitally pressed to examine capillary Sabater Gonzá lez & Calvo Carrasco refill time (CRT).…”

Section: Primary Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergencies and Critical Care of Commonly Kept Fowl

González¹,

Carrasco

2016

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice

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Fowl are birds belonging to one of the 2 biological orders, the game fowl or land fowl (Galliformes) and the waterfowl (Anseriformes). Studies of anatomic and molecular similarities suggest these two groups are close evolutionary relatives. Multiple fowl species have a long history of domestication. Fowl are considered food-producing animals in most countries and clinicians should follow legislation regarding reportable diseases and antibiotic use, even if they are pets. This article reviews aspects of emergency care for most commonly kept fowl, including triage, patient assessment, diagnostic procedures, supportive care, short-term hospitalization, and common emergency presentations.

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Free‐Living Waterfowl and Shorebirds

Cited by 10 publications

References 131 publications

Respiratory mechanics of eleven avian species resident at high and low altitude

Respiratory mechanics of eleven avian species resident at high and low altitude

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone after a single intramuscular or intravascular injection in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)

Emergencies and Critical Care of Commonly Kept Fowl

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