Free Electron-Ion Interaction and Its Effect on Output Current of Permeable Exchange Membrane Hydrogen Fuel

Abstract

The mathematical model is developed to investigate the relationship between the Hamiltonian of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) and the output of the PEMFC. At constant response time, the Hamiltonian is directly proportional to current density and cell voltage, according to the established model (Nano-second). At activation overpotential 90mV, the Hamiltonian of PEMFC with current density increases without a hump, however at activation overpotential 1mV, a bump is detected at 0.47mAcm-2. The hump is also seen with cell voltage and power density at the same current density. The current density exponential term is responsible for the hump. PEMFC's Hamiltonian at low temperature is higher than PEMFC's Hamiltonian at high temperature. By examining the Hamiltonian with temperature and its relationship to a PEMFC output, the efficiency of the PEMFC can be increased by minimizing heat. Because PEMFC generates electricity and heat as a result of the chemical process. The collision of free electrons and protons around the electrodes generates heat energy. Because the Hamiltonian is inversely proportional to distance and directly proportional to current density and power density, the energy carried by free electrons and proton decreases as the distance between them decreases, resulting in the generation of heat energy during collisionless collisions. The free electrons and free protons circulate faster to form PEMFC outputs due to the short distance gap.

Study of Differential Cross-Section and S-Matrix Using Volkov Function and Taylor Series Expansion for Elastic Scattering

“…In addition, the differential cross-section also increases with the scattering angle [16]. Also for the scattering of DCS in weak field Dhobi et al design the hamitonian to study the DCS around the proton exchange membrane which is futre work for this team and work is in progress [17] Yadav et al study the DCS with elliptically polarized beam e-H scattering in high intensity with target energy below eV in presence of coulomb potential. The DCS found increases with wavelength and decreases with electron energy within an elliptically polarized beam [18].…”

Scattering of Free Electrons with Hydrogen Atoms in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System

“…Fuel cell technology is employed in a wide range of vehicle types, in part due to its simplicity. The PEMFCs Hamiltonian and output are studied by Saddam et al [13] and the established model predicts that the Hamiltonian is directly related to current and cell voltage at constant response time (Nano-second). The Hamiltonian of the PEMFC grows with current density at activation overpotential 90mV smoothly, but at activation overpotential 1mV, a bump is seen at 0.47mAcm -2 .…”

“…In addition, Hamiltonian of PEMFC at low temperature is greater than that at high temperature. The efficiency of the PEMFC can be boosted by reducing heat by looking at the Hamiltonian with temperature and its link to an output of PEMFCs because the temperature decreases the efficiency of PEMFCs which is one of the major challenges in PEMFCs technology [13]. PEMFCs have an electrical efficiency range of 40% to 60%.…”