France

Fauvarque-Cosson, Bénédicte; Fournier, Alice

doi:10.4337/9781781006108.00034

Cited by 3 publications

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“…41 ( S Z ) , 39 (17), 31 (12), 29 (15); C g E I 1 8 0 = 141. 1543, 1462, 1450, 1385, 1343s, 1327, 12745, l l 6 l s , 1072, 290 (0,1), 276 (I), 253 (l), 237 (0,5), 195 (ll), 182 (4,.5j, 179 (2,5), 166 (2,5), 141 (2,5), 124 (37), 109 (3), 103 (7), 96 (loo), 83 (86), 82 (95,5), 75 (25,5), 67 (39), 55 (80), 41 (37,5), 29 (14); . Zu einer Lijsnng von 1,434 g (9,31 mniol) 3-(C~clohex-3'-en-~-l)-propions~ure (7) [21] in 20 nil .kthcr wurdc langsain cine atherische Losung von Iliazomcthan getropft.…”

Section: )unclassified

“…-M S . : 140 (M+, 8,5), 122 (13), 107 (13,5), 96 (16), 94 (41,5), 93 (36,5), 81 (67), 80 (96), 79 (loo), 77 (14), 67 (32,5), 54 (37,5), 43 (16,5), 41 (28), 39 (19,5), 31 (9,5), 29 (7,5); Cg15160 = 140.…”

Section: )unclassified

“…-%IS. : 140 (M+, 2,5), 122 (I), 110 (2), 96 (14), 95 (loo), 94 (26), 82 (37), 80 (70), 79 (50), 78 (lo), 68 (13), 67 (12), 55 (9), 54 (12), 53 (lo), 52 (40), 51 (42), 42 (1.5), 41 (16), 39 (13); CgHlzDzO = 140. Die zweite Fraktion enthielt 30 mg (15,5%) Edukt 20.…”

Section: -~(unclassified

“…-NMR. : 1,1-2,2/m, (13,5), 94 (46), 81 (71), 79 (30), 67 (39,5), 55 (37), 43 (113,5), 41 (33,5) Die eisgekiihlten KHC03-und K~CO3-Auszuge wn-den bei 0' sorgfaltig rnit konz. HC1 neutralisiert und schliesslich angcsauert.…”

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Photochemische Reaktionen. 86. Mitteilung [1]. Zur Photolyse von Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan‐2‐on

Duthaler¹,

Stingelin-Schmid²,

Ganter³

1976

Helvetica Chimica Acta

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Photolysis of Bicyclo[3.3.l]nonan-2-one. -Summary. Disproportionations to the unsaturated aldehydes 2 and 3 or the ketene 4, the secondary processes available to the acyl-alkyl hiradical b[X(9) = CHz] formed from bicyclo[3.3.l]nonan-2-one (1) in a primary photochemical process by cc-cleavage (Norrish type I cleavage), were studied.If the acyl-alkyl biradical b [X(9) = CH2] has a lifetime sufficient to permit rotation around one or several bonds before H-transfer occurs, considerations about the energetically most favored conformations of b allow to deduce the following preference for intramolecular H-abstraction: at C(9) (f + unsaturated aldehyde 2) > at C ( 3 ) (l+ kctene 4) > a t C(8) ( i + unsaturated aldehyde 3). If H-transfer takes place very quickly, following an energetically favored small conformational change of the acyl-alkyl biradical, one expects H-abstraction a t C(9) and/or C ( 3 ) to be preferred over that at C(8). These predictions were fully confirmed by the experiments. UV. irradiation of bicyclo[3.3.l]nonan-2-one (1) in n-pentane gave a complex mixture of the unsaturated aldehyde 2 and products of further photochemical reactions of 2: 43 and 44,45 and 46, 49-52, and 54-57 (see below). Photolysis of 1 in methanol, however, yielded 82% of 2 and 1,2% of ester 23, the final product from ketene 4 formed by trapping of a solvent molecule.UV. irradiation of the 9,9-dideuterio-ketone 20 confirmed the intramolecular D-abstraction at C(9) (+ unsaturated aldehyde 21) and consequently the H-abstraction at C(9) in the sequence 1 + 2. That either of the two H-atoms at C(9) in 1 can be abstracted was demonstrated by the photolysis of the C(9)-epimeric 9-acetoxy-bicyclo[3.3.l]nonan-2-ones 24 and 25 in methanol. I n both cases the unsaturated aldehyde 26 was formed, which corresponds to abstraction of H-C(9)c (7) and H-C(9)C(3)15), respectively.In separate UV. irradiation experiments it was shown that the products accompanying the unsaturated aldehyde 2 (photolysis of 1 in n-pentane) were formed in the following ways: diene 43 and acetaldehyde (44) from 2 by intramolecular y-H abstraction followed by Norvish type I1 reaction; the spiro-alcohols 45 and 46 from 2 by intramolecular y-H abstraction followed by ring closure to cyclobutanols; the oxetanes 49-52 by cycloaddition (Patenzo-Biichi reaction) of acetaldehyde (44) to 3-methylidene-cyclohexene (43) ; the aliphatic alcohols 54-57 by addition of acetaldehyde (44) to n-pentane, i.e. H-abstraction from the hydrocarbon solvent followed by combination of the radicals thereby formed.Einleitung . -Bei n,n*-angeregten Cycloalkanonen ist die sog. a-Ketonspaltung

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Photochemische Reaktionen. 86. Mitteilung [1]. Zur Photolyse von Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan‐2‐on

Duthaler¹,

Stingelin-Schmid²,

Ganter³

1976

Helvetica Chimica Acta

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Hardship and Modification (or 'Revision') of the Contract

Mekki¹,

Pelese²

2010

SSRN Journal

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The One and the Many: Translating Insights from Constitutional Pluralism to European Contract Law Theory

Mak

2013

SSRN Journal

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While freedom of contract has generally been recognized as a leading principle of European contract law, national contract laws as well as EU measures show remarkable differences with respect to the limits they impose on contractual freedom in light of the public interest or common good. Whereas some private legal scholars aspire to relate all rules of private law to a single value (monist theories), others consider it impossible to find such a common denominator (radical pluralist theories). In this paper, it is submitted that a moderate pluralist theory offers the most convincing narrative to explain current developments in this field, since it defines a meta-level on which diverging ideas of contract law can be reconciled by the definition of coordinating principles. These meta-principles indicate which conception of the common good prevails in a specific case and on which level (European or national) final decision-making authority is allocated in that case. Through an analysis of examples from case law (the story of the CJEU's Viking and Laval judgments and the Court's recent decision in the Aziz case), it is argued that a moderately pluralist theory also provides the most convincing normative model for the further development of European contract law.Résumé: Bien que la liberté contractuelle soit largement reconnue comme l'un des principes directeurs du droit européen des contrats, des différences remarquables existent entre les droits des contrats nationaux aussi bien qu'avec les instruments européens en ce qui concerne les limites posées à la liberté contractuelle pour la protection de l'intérêt public ou du bien commun. Alors que certains spécialistes du droit cherchent à relier toutes les règles du droit privé à une valeur unique (théories monistes), d'autres considèrent impossible de trouver un tel dénominateur commun (théories pluralistes radicales). Dans cet article, il est soutenu qu'une théorie pluraliste modérée offre le narratif le plus convaincant pour expliquer les développements actuels dans ce domaine, puisque cette théorie définit un niveau intermédiaire sur lequel des idées divergentes du droit des contrats peuvent être réconciliées par la détermination de principes coordinateurs. Ces méta-principes indiquent quelle conception du bien commun prévaut dans un cas particulier et à quel niveau (européen ou national) l'autorité de prendre la décision finale est allouée dans chaque cas. Sur la base d'une analyse de deux exemples tirés de la jurisprudence (les jugements Viking et Laval de la Cour de Justice de l'UE, et le jugement récent de la Cour dans l'affaire Aziz) il apparaît qu'une théorie pluraliste modérée présente le modèle normatif le plus convaincant pour le développement futur du droit européen des contrats.

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France

Cited by 3 publications

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Photochemische Reaktionen. 86. Mitteilung [1]. Zur Photolyse von Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan‐2‐on

Photochemische Reaktionen. 86. Mitteilung [1]. Zur Photolyse von Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan‐2‐on

Hardship and Modification (or 'Revision') of the Contract

The One and the Many: Translating Insights from Constitutional Pluralism to European Contract Law Theory

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