“…Although the more distant targets yielded slightly larger values, confirming the significant impact of the distance between the registration and target points on the accuracy [7,8,21], even the maximum deviation of 1.2 mm is still within the range (1 to 2 mm) that is often considered ''clinically acceptable'' for navigation system accuracy [1,21,25,26]. Maxillary splint-based systems with extraoral extensions for reference markers have been used previously with sufficient navigational accuracy in neurosurgery (0.29-0.86 mm [17], 0.0-2.0 mm [27]), in sinus surgery (1.56 AE 0.76 mm [28]), and in the temporal region (0.73 AE 0.25 mm [17,29]); however, only a few of these systems have been tested for targets in the lateral skull base region [15,29,30,31]. Bale et al used a mouthpiecebased registration template held in place by a vacuum system to successfully cannulate the foramen ovale [30], but did not test its applicability for Figure 3.…”