Fracture strength and Young’s modulus of ZnO nanowires

Hoffmann, Samuel; Östlund, Fredrik; Michler, Johann; Fan, Hong Jin; Zacharias, Margit; Christiansen, Silke; Ballif, Christophe

doi:10.1088/0957-4484/18/20/205503

Cited by 139 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Contrary to experimental reports of brittle fracture [10, 13,21] (as shown in Figure 3a), atomistic modelling employing a Buckingham-type pairwise force-field revealed stressinduced phase transformation (shown in Figure 3b). Simulations showed that the NWs underwent a phase transformation from original wurtzite (WZ) phase to a body-centered tetragonal (BCT) phase [10, [22][23].…”

Section: Failure Mechanisms In Zno Nanowirescontrasting

confidence: 87%

Failure mechanisms and electromechanical coupling in semiconducting nanowires

Espinosa

Agrawal

Peng

et al. 2010

EPJ Web of Conferences

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Abstract. One dimensional nanostructures, like nanowires and nanotubes, are increasingly being researched for the development of next generation devices like logic gates, transistors, and solar cells. In particular, semiconducting nanowires with a nonsymmetric wurtzitic crystal structure, such as zinc oxide (ZnO) and gallium nitride (GaN), have drawn immense research interests due to their electromechanical coupling. The designing of the future nanowire-based devices requires component-level characterization of individual nanowires. In this paper, we present a unique experimental set-up to characterize the mechanical and electromechanical behaviour of individual nanowires. Using this set-up and complementary atomistic simulations, mechanical properties of ZnO nanowires and electromechanical properties of GaN nanowires were investigated. In ZnO nanowires, elastic modulus was found to depend on nanowire diameter decreasing from 190 GPa to 140 GPa as the wire diameter increased from 5 nm to 80 nm. Inconsistent failure mechanisms were observed in ZnO nanowires. Experiments revealed a brittle fracture, whereas simulations using a pairwise potential predicted a phase transformation prior to failure. This inconsistency is addressed in detail from an experimental as well as computational perspective. Lastly, in addition to mechanical properties, preliminary results on the electromechanical properties of gallium nitride nanowires are also reported. Initial investigations reveal that the piezoresistive and piezoelectric behaviour of nanowires is different from bulk gallium nitride. In situ testing of nanostructuresSemiconducting nanowires (NWs) are potential building blocks for future electronic devices like logic circuits, transistors, and solar cells. NWs made of materials like zinc oxide (ZnO) and gallium nitride (GaN) are interesting for the research community due to their piezoelectric behaviour, offered by the non-symmetric wurtzite crystal structure. For example, ZnO NWs has been conceptually shown to generate electrical output when mechanically deformed [1][2][3]. To optimize the potential performance of piezoelectric NW-based devices, characterization of individual NWs at the component level is crucial. In this paper, a microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based a e-mail : espinosa@northwestern.edu, b Currently an associate professor in the

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Section: Failure Mechanisms In Zno Nanowirescontrasting

confidence: 87%

Failure mechanisms and electromechanical coupling in semiconducting nanowires

Espinosa

Agrawal

Peng

et al. 2010

EPJ Web of Conferences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…15 The remarkable scattering of e FS can thus be attributed to the size distribution of critical defects, and their size effect results from the reduction of critical defects with decreasing D, which is in accordance with previous qualitative reports. [3][4][5][6][7][8] Concerning critical defects, Weibull statistical analysis is promising for revealing their size and spatial distribution a)…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As depicted by the Weibull statistics, 2 the expected r FS of specimens increase as their characteristic sizes decrease, a condition known as size effect, which has been the core issue of fracture mechanics since Griffith. 1 Recently, increasing attention paid to the mechanical properties in nanowires (NWs) [3][4][5][6][7][8] and nanotubes (NTs) [9][10][11] is extending the size effect into the nanoscale. Although the defect-dominated r FS in NTs have been well understood based on Griffith's theory 10 and atomistic simulations, 11 for NWs, there were merely some preliminary experimental results on the size effect of r FS .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying the defect-dominated size effect of fracture strain in single crystalline ZnO nanowires

Xiao

Zhao

et al. 2011

Journal of Applied Physics

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The diameter (D) dependence of fracture strains in [0001]-oriented single crystalline ZnO nanowires (NWs) with D ranging from 18 to 114 nm is experimentally revealed via in situ uniaxial tension and is well understood based on an analytical model developed by combining molecular dynamics simulations with fracture mechanics theories. We show that the scattered fracture strains are dominated by the effective quantities of atomic vacancies, and their lower bound follows a power-form scaling law, resembling the Griffith-type behavior of single critical defects with diameter-dependent sizes, when D is larger than a critical D C . In addition, theoretical strength is expected in NWs with D < D C . Our studies provide a simple, but basic, understanding for the size effect of strengths in single crystalline NWs.

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“…18,19 Similar effects have been observed for ZnO nanowires with Young's modulus of about 100 GPa, which is 30% lower than the bulk value. 20 For VO x nanotubes, although p and n doping may render the nanotubes ferromagnetic 7 and make them very promising for spin dependent scanning probe applications, the structural perfectness of these tubes has to be improved. In particular, for Li-doped nanotubes, Hellmann et al 21 recently indicated that the structural instability is a major concern.…”

Section: -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical and electronic properties of vanadium oxide nanotubes

Sipos

Duchamp

Magrez

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Physics

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Vanadium oxide nanotubes with a diameter of 20-100 nm and an aspect ratio of 50-100 were synthesized by hydrothermal method. Young's modulus of 20-80 GPa was obtained by bending measurements of individual nanotubes using an atomic force microscope. Electrical resistivity and thermopower measurements on a large assembly of nanotubes determined the characteristic energies required to put a charge into a polaronic site ͑⌬E g = 0.20 eV͒ and to extract and propagate the polaron between neighboring sites ͑⌬E p = 0.09 eV͒.

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Fracture strength and Young’s modulus of ZnO nanowires

Cited by 139 publications

References 16 publications

Failure mechanisms and electromechanical coupling in semiconducting nanowires

Failure mechanisms and electromechanical coupling in semiconducting nanowires

Quantifying the defect-dominated size effect of fracture strain in single crystalline ZnO nanowires

Mechanical and electronic properties of vanadium oxide nanotubes

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