Fractionated Reaction Times and Movement Times of Down Syndrome and Other Adults with Mental Retardation

Davis, Walter E.; Sparrow, W.A.; Ward, Terry

doi:10.1123/apaq.8.3.221

Cited by 35 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This phenomenon was not observed in the DS group, who demonstrated distinctly longer reaction times. Delayed reaction times have been reported in DS for a number of stimuli such a light, sound, and combinations light/sound signals [38]. We suggest that these results could represent delays in the neurological process underpinning biological motion processing in DS; however, we also emphasize that other factors, such as a more generalized motor slowing [39,40] could have also produced these results.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 44%

“…When the difference between the PLW speeds was small, however, we expected the control group to outperform the group with DS. Based on already published literature about reaction time in DS, Davis et al [38], Galli et al [39], Anson [40]. We also hypothesized, that the reaction time performance on our study would be significantly different between the groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Perception of Biological Motion Speed in Individuals with Down Syndrome

Tolentino-Castro¹,

Riddell²,

Wagner³

2017

J Down Syndr Chr Abnorm

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IntroductionAction and perception are two inherently linked aspects of human behavior that allow us to understand and interact with our surroundings. The interplay between action production and perception enables humans to act in a number of highly demanding situation such as unusual, novel or unstable environments [1]. Babies interact with their environment in a myriad of different ways such as imitation, selfmotion and observing the examples of others [2][3][4]. These interactions serve to shape not only their knowledge about the world, but also their understanding of the functionality of their bodies.Action performance interacts with action perception, and viceversa. This is reflected in the brain, as both performing and perceiving actions activate similar cortical areas [5]. Previous research has revealed significant interactions between action perception and action execution, and studies have shown that action perception can interfere with action execution reciprocally [6][7][8]. It is particularly insightful to study such interactions in populations with abnormal skeleto-muscular and/or neural development, as in these populations the brain may have adapted differently to handle physical differences, which in turn may influence how affected individuals interact with their surroundings. For example Sinha et al. [9] have shown that individuals with autism spectrum disorder, adapt their sensory input atypically, resulting in diverse behavioral traits. Down Syndrome (DS) is one of the most common genetic disorders (14 per 10 000 live births) caused by the presence of a complete or partial third copy of chromosome 21 (Trisomy 21) [10]. DS is a genetic change that impacts not only intellectual ability, but also motor development and motor control over the lifetime [11,12]. Abnormal brain functioning related to learning has been reveled in a number of studies [13][14][15][16]. In addition to neurodevelopmental abnormalities, corporal abnormalities are also common in DS. These abnormalities are highly related to the impaired motor control of voluntary movements [11,17].Children with DS require more time to learn basic movements. Additionally, as movement complexity increases they achieve gross motor functions at an average age that is almost twice that of typically developed children [18]. However, despite delays in motor development and the control of voluntary movements, the DS population does not exhibit a complete absence of the production of gross motor skills. For instance, individuals with DS are often capable of walking and jumping, as well as fine motor skills and manual dexterity. Examples of functional motor development can be seen when special teaching strategies are implemented [19][20][21][22][23][24]. This demonstrates that individuals with DS are at least somewhat able to adapt to their motor impairments. In more realistic tasks, Latash [11,17] argue that, when confronted with an unexpected or unclear motion situation, individuals with DS choose to act slowly (bradykinesia) during the initiation ph...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 44%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Perception of Biological Motion Speed in Individuals with Down Syndrome

Tolentino-Castro¹,

Riddell²,

Wagner³

2017

J Down Syndr Chr Abnorm

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“…These issues are related to inadequate coordination, which is linked to difficulties in manual dexterity (Vuijk et al 2010) and poor skill performance in general (Horvat et al 2012;Skowronski et al 2009). The increased variability is reflected in neuromuscular activation as well, as revealed from electromyographic recordings that appear more variable in persons with ID (Davis et al 1991).…”

Section: Coordinationmentioning

confidence: 95%

Gait and Balance

Patikas

2015

Comorbid Conditions in Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities

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“…Research has revealed that individuals with DS are slower in initiating (Anson and Mawston, 2000;Davis, Sparrow, & Ward, 1991;Henderson et al, 1991;Masumoto et al, 2012) and executing target directed movements Hodges et al, 1995) because they rely more on afferent information to correct movement trajectories (Elliott et al, , 2010Hodges et al, 1995). These patterns of results have often been attributed to both central processes (Frith & Frith, 1974) and peripheral anatomical characteristics (Henderson et al, 1991;Morris et al, 1982) associated with DS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Researchers have highlighted differences between the DS and TD populations in the form of longer movement onset and reaction times (Arisi, et al, 2012;Davis, Sparrow, & Ward, 1991;Henderson, Illingworth, & Allen, 1991;Masumoto, Abe, & Inui, 2012), longer movement times, and greater movement errors for DS compared to TD (Elliott, Welsh, Lyons, Hansen, & Wu, 2006;Hodges, Cunningham, Lyons, Kerr, & Elliot, 1995). These perceptual-motor impairments have been attributed to both central processes (i.e., Frith & Frith, 1974) and peripheral anatomical characteristics (Henderson et al, 1991;Morris, Vaughan, & Vaccaro, 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequential aiming movements and the one-target advantage in individuals with Down syndrome

Lawrence

Reilly

Mottram

et al. 2013

Research in Developmental Disabilities

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Research has revealed that individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have elevated reaction times, longer movement times, and greater movement errors during single-target single-limb actions compared to their typically developing (TD) peers. These perceptualmotor impairments have been attributed to both central processes and the physical phenotype associated with DS. The purpose of the present study was to directly investigate these possible central and peripheral deficits by examining how individuals with DS plan and execute more complex movements. Three groups (DS, TD, and individuals with an undifferentiated intellectual disability; UID) of 8 participants completed a single target movement, a two-target movement performed by a single arm, and a two-target movement where the first movement was performed with one arm and the second movement performed with the other arm. For all groups and all conditions, movement times revealed a one-target advantage (OTA). Specifically, times to the first target were longer in the two-target responses compared to the single-target response. In general, the OTA finding reveals that persons with DS utilise planning strategies similar to their TD peers when performing sequential actions involving two targets and two arms. Furthermore, because the OTA was observed in both the single-and two-arm two-target responses the interference in movement one associated with having to make a subsequent movement is not due to peripheral processes associated with single limb constraints. Rather, individuals with DS treat movements within a sequence as functionally dependent. Thus, the central processes associated with the timing of the implementation of the second element of the movement appear to be responsible for the interference that leads to the OTA. MOVEMENT INTEGRATION IN PERSONS WITH DOWN SYNDROME3

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Fractionated Reaction Times and Movement Times of Down Syndrome and Other Adults with Mental Retardation

Cited by 35 publications

References 22 publications

Perception of Biological Motion Speed in Individuals with Down Syndrome

Perception of Biological Motion Speed in Individuals with Down Syndrome

Gait and Balance

Sequential aiming movements and the one-target advantage in individuals with Down syndrome

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