Fractional-Order Closed-Loop Model Reference Adaptive Control for Anesthesia

Abstract

Abstract:The design of a fractional-order closed-loop model reference adaptive control (FOCMRAC) for anesthesia based on a fractional-order model (FOM) is proposed in the paper. This proposed model gets around many difficulties, namely, unknown parameters, lack of state measurement, inter and intra-patient variability, and variable time-delay, encountered in controller designs based on the PK/PD model commonly used for control of anesthesia, and allows to design a simple adaptive controller based on the Lyapunov analysis. Simulations illustrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control.

AnesthesiaGUIDE: a MATLAB tool to control the anesthesia

“…The obtained differential equations describing the PK/PD model are similar to those presented by Schneider in [9][10][11][12][13][14]:…”

“…In this work, a four-compartment model of the patient hypnotic state under propofol (hypnotic drug) infusion rate was developed using MATLAB's SimBiology toolbox [13]. It is based on a block diagram available in many related papers from the literature [9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

“…Because of the negligible volume of the effect-site abstract compartment, the constants k 1e and k e0 are equal [9,14]. The PK parameters depend on the patient's characteristics only such as age, gender, height, and weight [9,10,14,15].…”

“…In the literature, many closed-loop anesthesia systems are proposed. Some relevant examples may be mentioned here: Ilyas proposed a sliding-mode control algorithm [6] [7], Khaqan developed a nonlinear strategy [8], Navarro designed a fractional-order closed-loop model reference adaptive control based on a fractional-order model [9], Mendez used fuzzy predictive control techniques [10], Caiado investigated H-inf robust control [11], Reznanian developed a predictive controller [12], Usharani developed a PID controller strategy [16], Pasin performed a metaanalysis comparing closed-loop with manual drug delivery [17], Sopasakis built a fractional pharmacokinetics model https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04885-x [18], and Gonzalez-Cava proposed a study where an adaptive model deal simultaneously with the variabilities in the clinical response of the patients [19]. Actual trends and challenges are presented by Ghita in [20] and Zaouter in [21].…”

Using the fractional order calculus in the combination of the MIT and Lyapunov stability method

“…In the specialized literature, there are many papers which present how the fractional order calculus can be used to control a dynamical system [1][2][3][4] (see the Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]). Introducing the fractional order calculus in the adaptive control system leads to good performances.…”