FPGA-Based Data Storage System on NAND Flash Memory in RAID 6 Architecture for In-Line Pipeline Inspection Gauges

Rodríguez-Olivares, Noé Amir; Gomez-Hernandez, A.; Nava-Balanzar, Luciano; Jiménez-Hernández, Hugo; Soto-Cajiga, Jorge Alberto

doi:10.1109/tc.2018.2794986

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The amplitude A2 should have a value of 254 since this value is the limit, expressed in 8 bits, and does not alter the envelope construction. It is important to mention that proposing a higher amplitude of 254 for A2 drastically increases the amount of data to be stored [39]. Dividing A2 by A1, we obtain a k gain value of 2.67; this gain is assigned to G1 and G2.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electronic system has already been validated to measure thicknesses [37]. We use a specialized technique for online signal reduction [38], where the signals are stored in an ad hoc data storage system [39]. For the transducer excitation, we improved the ultrasonic pulse generator to maintain a fixed excitation voltage despite the chattering and the hammer effect [40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design and Validation of an Articulated Sensor Carrier to Improve the Automatic Pipeline Inspection

MARTINEZ

Rodríguez-Olivares

Torres-Torres

et al. 2019

Sensors

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Pipeline inspection gauges (PIGs) carry out automatic pipeline inspection with nondestructive testing (NDT) technologies like ultrasound, magnetic flux leakage, and eddy current. The ultrasonic straight beam allows technicians to determine the wall thickness of the pipeline through the time of flight diffraction (TOFD), providing the pipeline reconstruction and allowing the detection of several defects like dents or corrosion. If the pipeline is of a long distance, then the inspection process is automatic, and the fluid pressure pushes the PIG through the pipeline system. In this case, the PIG velocity and its axial alignment with the pipeline cannot be controlled. The PIG geometry, the pipeline deformations, and the girth welds cause a continuous chattering when the PIG is running, removing the transducers perpendicularity with the inspection points, which means that some echoes cannot be received. To reduce this problem, we propose a novel method to design a sensor carrier that takes into account the angularity and distance effects to acquire the straight beam echoes. The main advantage of our sensor carrier is that it can be used in concave and convex pipeline sections through geometric adjustments, which ensure that it is in contact with the inner pipe wall. Our improvement of the method is the characterization of the misalignment between the internal wall of the pipeline and the transducer. Later, we analyzed the conditions of the automatic pipeline inspection, the existing recommendations in state-of-the-art technology, and the different mechanical scenarios that may occur. For the mechanical design, we developed all the equations and rules. At the signal processing level, we set a fixed gain in the filtering step to obtain the echoes in a defined distance range without saturating the acquisition channels. For the validation, we compared through the mean squared error (MSE) our sensor carrier in a straight pipe section and a pipe elbow of steel versus other sensor carrier configurations. Finally, we present the design parameters for the development of the sensor carrier for different pipeline diameters.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Validation of an Articulated Sensor Carrier to Improve the Automatic Pipeline Inspection

MARTINEZ

Rodríguez-Olivares

Torres-Torres

et al. 2019

Sensors

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“…Moreover, they only partly mitigate the overhead of garbage collection as the cost of the most expensive part (erase) is not eliminated. Some real-time aspects have been considered in, for instance, [31] at the FTL level, but these exploit application specific characteristics and are not intended for general purpose storage. Reference [32] considers this the context of the asymmetry of read and write operations.…”

Section: B Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Real-Time Dependable Flash Storage System

McEwan

Komsul

2019

IEEE Access

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One of the limitations of flash memory in real-time and high dependability systems is its need for garbage collection, resulting in performance degradation due to non-deterministic response times. Recent work has presented RAID architectures for solid state storage systems. These RAID architectures increase the dependability from a data storage perspective but they do not provide application level dependability when real-time response times are required. In this study we present a garbage collection aware Flash Translation Layer that offers guaranteed access time to a solid state RAID array by managing incoming requests and preventing them from being blocked by ongoing garbage collection. We present a novel serial technique with a dynamic page allocation mechanism that eliminates non-deterministic behaviours of the garbage collectors in the array. The result is real-time access guarantees that maintain the data dependability enhancements using a run time parity migration technique. The mechanisms are evaluated using a trace driven simulator and a number of synthetic and realistic traces. Simulation results indicate that the garbage collection aware techniques offer improved upper bound response times for I/O requests of up to 73% compared to an existing mechanism, without disturbing the data dependability at the storage level. Traces dominated by random writes exhibit similarly significant enhancements.INDEX TERMS Data storage systems, flash memories, fault tolerance, flash translation layer, garbage collection, real-time systems, SSD RAID.

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“…The logic-control unit is shared by the FPGA Spartan XC3S500E and the microcontroller M430F2619. The storage system is via the NAND Flash memory chips MT29F128G08 in a RAID-6 architecture [ 43 ]. Besides, Figure 4 shows the HV control block proposed; which is composed of the operational amplifiers TL082 and OPA548F.…”

Section: Ultrasonic Pulse Generator Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of Ultrasonic Pulse Generator for Automatic Pipeline Inspection

Rodríguez-Olivares

Cruz-Cruz

Gómez-Hernández

et al. 2018

Sensors

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This paper presents the improvement of an ultrasonic pulse generator for a pipeline inspection gauge (PIG), which uses 64 transducers for inspecting distances up to 100 km with an axial resolution fixed at 3 mm and variable speeds between 0 and 2 m/s. An ultrasonic pulse generator is composed of a high-voltage (HV) MOSFETs, driver logic and an HV power supply. We used a DC-HV DC converter device as the HV power supply because it reduces the size of the ultrasound system considerably. However, pipeline geometry and inspection effects such as hammer and shock cause a variable pulse repetition frequency (PRF), producing voltage drops, poor quality of the HV pulse generated, failures in the dimensioning of defects and damage to devices by over-voltage. Our improvement is to implement a control scheme to maintain the high quality of the HV regardless of the variable PRF. To achieve this, we characterized three transfer functions of the DC-HV DC converter, varying the connected load to 10%, 45% and 80%. For the characterization, we used the least squares technique, considering an autoregressive exogenous (ARX) model. Later, we compared three control schemes: (1) proportional-integral-derivative (PID) tuned by simultaneous optimization of several responses (SOSR), (2) PID tuned by a neural network (NN) and (3) PI tuned by the analytical design method (ADM). The metrics used to compare the control schemes were the recovery time, the maximum over-voltage and the excess energy when the shock and hammer effects happen to occur. Finally, to verify the improvement of the HV pulser, we compared the ultrasonic pulses generated for various frequencies and amplitudes using the pulse generator with and without the control scheme.

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FPGA-Based Data Storage System on NAND Flash Memory in RAID 6 Architecture for In-Line Pipeline Inspection Gauges

Cited by 12 publications

References 30 publications

Design and Validation of an Articulated Sensor Carrier to Improve the Automatic Pipeline Inspection

Design and Validation of an Articulated Sensor Carrier to Improve the Automatic Pipeline Inspection

A Real-Time Dependable Flash Storage System

Improvement of Ultrasonic Pulse Generator for Automatic Pipeline Inspection

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