Fourth Test of General Relativity

Shapiro, I. I.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.13.789

Cited by 974 publications

(733 citation statements)

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“…A second, frequency independent, 'propagation' effect occurs as the signals pass through the distorted space-time metric in the vicinity of a massive body (Shapiro 1964). This delay is the longitudinal counterpart of the more familiar bending of light which is a transverse effect.…”

Section: Formulation and Recent Results For Single Pulsarsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing of Millisecond Pulsars

Backer

1996

Symp. - Int. Astron. Union

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Abstract.Arrival times of some millisecond pulsars can be measured with submicrosecond precision. This allows unprecedented measurements of the rotation of these stars, astrometric parameters including proper motion and parallax, motion in binary and complex dynamical systems, perturbations resulting from propagation through small scale turbulence in the interstellar plasma and other effects. In addition to the independent parameters which are required to model each pulsar, there is a set of global parameters that affect the array of pulsars in a correlated manner. These parameters involve the international atomic time scale, the ephemeris of the Earth's orbit and the gravitational wave background and have monopole, dipole and quadrupole and higher order angular signatures, respectively.

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Section: Formulation and Recent Results For Single Pulsarsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing of Millisecond Pulsars

Backer

1996

Symp. - Int. Astron. Union

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“…In the middle of the 20th century a number of additional weak-field tests of gravity were conducted, including the measurement of gravitational redshift (predicted originally by Einstein), measurement of Shapiro time delay [833], and the radiation of gravitational waves by orbiting binaries, which was found to be in excellent agreement with the decrease in the orbital period of the Hulse-Taylor pulsar [834]. Together, these probes test gravity exceptionally well in the weak-field regime, and no deviation from Einstein gravity has been discerned.…”

Section: Laboratory and Solar System Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the cosmological standard model

et al. 2015

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After a decade and a half of research motivated by the accelerating universe, theory and experiment have a reached a certain level of maturity. The development of theoretical models beyond Λ or smooth dark energy, often called modified gravity, has led to broader insights into a path forward, and a host of observational and experimental tests have been developed. In this review we present the current state of the field and describe a framework for anticipating developments in the next decade. We identify the guiding principles for rigorous and consistent modifications of the standard model, and discuss the prospects for empirical tests.We begin by reviewing recent attempts to consistently modify Einstein gravity in the infrared, focusing on the notion that additional degrees of freedom introduced by the modification must "screen" themselves from local tests of gravity. We categorize screening mechanisms into three broad classes: mechanisms which become active in regions of high Newtonian potential, those in which first derivatives of the field become important, and those for which second derivatives of the field are important. Examples of the first class, such as f (R) gravity, employ the familiar chameleon or symmetron mechanisms, whereas examples of the last class are galileon and massive gravity theories, employing the Vainshtein mechanism. In each case, we describe the theories as effective theories and discuss prospects for completion in a more fundamental theory. We describe experimental tests of each class of theories, summarizing laboratory and solar system tests and describing in some detail astrophysical and cosmological tests. Finally, we discuss prospects for future tests which will be sensitive to different signatures of new physics in the gravitational sector.The review is structured so that those parts that are more relevant to theorists vs. observers/experimentalists are clearly indicated, in the hope that this will serve as a useful reference for both audiences, as well as helping those interested in bridging the gap between them.

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“…After accounting for the difference in the gravitational potential traversed by the light path for each multiple image (Shapiro 1964), the time delay can be used to directly constrain the Hubble constant (Refsdal 1964) and other cosmological parameters  (Linder 2004(Linder , 2011Coe & Moustakas 2009). Distant quasars multiply-imaged by foreground galaxies have been used for such time delay cosmography measurements, providing valuable cosmological constraints that can complement or validate other methods such as Type Ia SNe, baryon acoustic oscillations and the cosmic microwave background (e.g., Saha et al 2006;Oguri 2007;Coles 2008;Suyu et al 2010Suyu et al , 2013Suyu et al , 2014; and see Treu & Ellis 2014 for a recent review).…”

Section: Future Measurements Of Sn Time Delaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sn Refsdal: Photometry and Time Delay Measurements of the First Einstein Cross Supernova

Rodney

Strolger

Kelly

et al. 2016

ApJ

102

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We present the first year of Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the unique supernova (SN) "Refsdal," a gravitationally lensed SN at z=1.488±0.001 with multiple images behind the galaxy cluster MACS J1149.6 +2223. The first four observed images of SN Refsdal (images S1-S4) exhibited a slow rise (over ∼150 days) to reach a broad peak brightness around 2015 April 20. Using a set of light curve templates constructed from SN 1987A-like peculiar Type II SNe, we measure time delays for the four images relative to S1 of 4±4 (for S2), 2±5 (S3), and 24±7 days (S4). The measured magnification ratios relative to S1 are 1.15±0.05 (S2), 1.01±0.04 (S3), and 0.34±0.02 (S4). None of the template light curves fully captures the photometric behavior of SN Refsdal, so we also derive complementary measurements for these parameters using polynomials to represent the intrinsic light curve shape. These more flexible fits deliver fully consistent time delays of 7±2 (S2), 0.6±3 (S3), and 27±8 days (S4). The lensing magnification ratios are similarly consistent, measured as 1.17±0.02 (S2), 1.00±0.01 (S3), and 0.38±0.02 (S4). We compare these measurements against published predictions from lens models, and find that the majority of model predictions are in very good agreement with our measurements. Finally, we discuss avenues for future improvement of time delay measurements-both for SN Refsdal and for other strongly lensed SNe yet to come.

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Fourth Test of General Relativity

Cited by 974 publications

References 1 publication

Timing of Millisecond Pulsars

Timing of Millisecond Pulsars

Beyond the cosmological standard model

Sn Refsdal: Photometry and Time Delay Measurements of the First Einstein Cross Supernova

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