Sn Refsdal: Photometry and Time Delay Measurements of the First Einstein Cross Supernova

Rodney, Steven A.; Strolger, Louis-Gregory; Kelly, Patrick L.; Bradač, Maruša; Brammer, Gabriel; Filippenko, A. V.; Foley, R. J.; Graur, Or; Hjorth, J.; Jha, Saurabh W.; McCully, C.; Molino, A.; Riess, Adam G.; Schmidt, Kasper B.; Selsing, J.; Sharon, Keren; Treu, Tommaso; Weiner, Benjamin J.; Zitrin, Adi

doi:10.3847/0004-637x/820/1/50

Cited by 84 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 109 publications

(183 reference statements)

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“…Because the true magnification at each location is unknown, we useμ as the comparison benchmark, whereas SN tests (e.g. Rodney et al 2015Rodney et al , 2016 used the actual magnification of the supernova at one location. Whileμ need not be the true magnification, it is, arguably, the best guess.…”

Section: Comparison Of Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lens models under the microscope: comparison ofHubble Frontier Fieldcluster magnification maps

Priewe

Williams

Liesenborgs

et al. 2016

Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.

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Using the power of gravitational lensing magnification by massive galaxy clusters, the Hubble Frontier Fields provide deep views of six patches of the high redshift Universe. The combination of deep Hubble imaging and exceptional lensing strength has revealed the greatest numbers of multiply-imaged galaxies available to constrain models of cluster mass distributions. However, even with O(100) images per cluster, the uncertainties associated with the reconstructions are not negligible. The goal of this paper is to show the diversity of model magnification predictions. We examine 7 and 9 mass models of Abell 2744 and MACS J0416, respectively, submitted to the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes for public distribution in September 2015. The dispersion between model predictions increases from 30% at common low magnifications (µ ∼ 2) to 70% at rare high magnifications (µ ∼ 40). MACS J0416 exhibits smaller dispersions than Abell 2744 for 2 < µ < 10. We show that magnification maps based on different lens inversion techniques typically differ from each other by more than their quoted statistical errors. This suggests that some models underestimate the true uncertainties, which are primarily due to various lensing degeneracies. Though the exact mass sheet degeneracy is broken, its generalized counterpart is not broken at least in Abell 2744. Other, local degeneracies are also present in both clusters. Our comparison of models is complementary to the comparison of reconstructions of known synthetic mass distributions. By focusing on observed clusters, we can identify those that are best constrained, and therefore provide the clearest view of the distant Universe.

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Section: Comparison Of Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lens models under the microscope: comparison ofHubble Frontier Fieldcluster magnification maps

Priewe

Williams

Liesenborgs

et al. 2016

Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.

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“…The first multiply imaged supernova was discovered in the lensed images of this spiral, forming an Einstein cross (Kelly et al 2015). The supernova reappeared a year later in another counter image of the spiral as predicted by lensing models Rodney et al 2016;Treu et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Young Galaxy Candidates in the Hubble Frontier Fields. IV. MACS J1149.5+2223

Zheng

Zitrin

Infante

et al. 2017

ApJ

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We search for high-redshift dropout galaxies behind the Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF) galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+2223, a powerful cosmic lens that has revealed a number of unique objects in its field. Using the deep images from the Hubble and Spitzer space telescopes, we find 11 galaxies at z>7 in the MACS J1149.5+2223 cluster field, and 11 in its parallel field. The high-redshift nature of the bright z;9.6 galaxy MACS1149-JD, previously reported by Zheng et al., is further supported by non-detection in the extremely deep optical images from the HFF campaign. With the new photometry, the best photometric redshift solution for MACS1149-JD reduces slightly to z=9.44±0.12. The young galaxy has an estimated stellar mass of ( )  ´M 7 2 10 8 , and was formed at = -+ z 13.2 1.6 1.9 when the universe was ≈300 Myr old. Data available for the first four HFF clusters have already enabled us to find faint galaxies to an intrinsic magnitude of  -M 15.5 UV, approximately a factor of 10 deeper than the parallel fields.

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“…However, several sources of systematic uncertainty can contribute significantly to the error budget (e.g., Zitrin et al 2015;Johnson & Sharon 2016;Meneghetti et al 2016;Rodney et al 2016). Below, we quantify the amplitude of the systematic uncertainty that results from our modeling choices for the redshift parameters of sources without spectroscopic redshifts.…”

Section: Uncertainty Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

RELICS: Strong Lens Models for Five Galaxy Clusters from the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey

Cerny

Sharon

Andrade-Santos

et al. 2018

ApJ

136

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Strong gravitational lensing by galaxy clusters magnifies background galaxies, enhancing our ability to discover statistically significant samples of galaxies at z 6 > , in order to constrain the high-redshift galaxy luminosity functions. Here, we present the first five lens models out of the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey (RELICS) Hubble Treasury Program, based on new HST WFC3/IR and ACS imaging of the clusters RXCJ0142.9+4438, Abell2537, Abell2163, RXCJ2211.7-0349, and ACT-CLJ0102-49151. The derived lensing magnification is essential for estimating the intrinsic properties of high-redshift galaxy candidates, and properly accounting for the survey volume. We report on new spectroscopic redshifts of multiply imaged lensed galaxies behind these clusters, which are used as constraints, and detail our strategy to reduce systematic uncertainties due to lack of spectroscopic information. In addition, we quantify the uncertainty on the lensing magnification due to statistical and systematic errors related to the lens modeling process, and find that in all but one cluster, the magnification is constrained to better than 20% in at least 80% of the field of view, including statistical and systematic uncertainties. The five clusters presented in this paper span the range of masses and redshifts of the clusters in the RELICS program. We find that they exhibit similar strong lensing efficiencies to the clusters targeted by the Hubble Frontier Fields within the WFC3/IR field of view. Outputs of the lens models are made available to the community through the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes.

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Sn Refsdal: Photometry and Time Delay Measurements of the First Einstein Cross Supernova

Cited by 84 publications

References 109 publications

Lens models under the microscope: comparison ofHubble Frontier Fieldcluster magnification maps

Lens models under the microscope: comparison ofHubble Frontier Fieldcluster magnification maps

Young Galaxy Candidates in the Hubble Frontier Fields. IV. MACS J1149.5+2223

RELICS: Strong Lens Models for Five Galaxy Clusters from the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey

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