Four-year study of viruses that cause diarrhea in Japanese pediatric outpatients

Thongprachum, Aksara; Takanashi, Sayaka; Kalesaran, Angela F. C.; Okitsu, Shoko; Mizuguchi, Masashi; Hayakawa, Satoshi; Ushijima, Hiroshi

doi:10.1002/jmv.24155

Cited by 89 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…This finding was supported by several recent reports, in which sapovirus was detected more commonly in symptomatic children aged 12 to 23 months than in those aged Ͻ1 year (9,21,35,36). Lower detection rates of sapovirus in children aged Ͻ1 year possibly reflect a protective effect of breastfeeding and/or transferred maternal antibodies (22,37), as supported by the fact that we did not detect sapovirus in symptomatic children under 6 months.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Etiological Role and Repeated Infections of Sapovirus among Children Aged Less than 2 Years in a Cohort Study in a Peri-urban Community of Peru

et al. 2016

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iHuman sapovirus has been shown to be one of the most important etiologies in pediatric patients with acute diarrhea. However, very limited data are available about the causative roles and epidemiology of sapovirus in community settings. A nested matched case-control study within a birth cohort study of acute diarrhea in a peri-urban community in Peru from 2007 to 2010 was conducted to investigate the attributable fraction (AF) and genetic diversity of sapovirus. By quantitative reverse transcription-realtime PCR (qPCR) sapovirus was detected in 12.4% (37/299) of diarrheal and 5.7% (17/300) of nondiarrheal stools (P ‫؍‬ 0.004). The sapovirus AF (7.1%) was higher in the second year (13.2%) than in the first year (1.4%) of life of children. Ten known genotypes and one novel cluster (n ‫؍‬ 5) within four genogroups (GI, GII, GIV, and GV) were identified by phylogenetic analysis of a partial VP1 gene. Further sequence analysis of the full VP1 gene revealed a possible novel genotype, tentatively named GII.8. Notably, symptomatic reinfections with different genotypes within the same (n ‫؍‬ 3) or different (n ‫؍‬ 5) genogroups were observed in eight children. Sapovirus exhibited a high attributable burden for acute gastroenteritis, especially in the second year of life, of children in a Peruvian community. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand better the global burden, genetic diversity, and repeated infections of sapovirus. Acute diarrhea is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in pediatric populations, especially in developing countries. Rotavirus, norovirus, and other viruses are common causative etiological agents, and rotavirus accounts for about 440,000 child deaths annually (1), while norovirus is a leading cause of epidemic and sporadic acute diarrhea (2). Currently a rotavirus vaccination program has been implemented in 80 countries as a part of national immunization programs (http://sites.path.org /rotavirusvaccine/rotavirus-vaccines/#global-intro). It successfully reduced the number of hospitalizations and deaths due to acute gastroenteritis (3, 4) and is cost-effective (5). Norovirus has now replaced rotavirus as the leading cause of medically attended acute diarrhea in pediatric populations (6, 7), and sapovirus, belonging to a separate genus of the Caliciviridae family, has been reported as the second most commonly detected virus after norovirus in children with acute diarrhea where rotavirus vaccination was implemented (8, 9). In addition, reports on sapovirus outbreaks across all age groups have increased in South Asia, Europe, and North America recently (10)(11)(12)(13)(14).The genome of sapovirus consists of a positive-sense, singlestranded RNA with two open reading frames (ORFs) (12). ORF1 encodes the nonstructural proteins and a major capsid protein, VP1, and ORF2 encodes a protein whose function is still unknown (12). Like for norovirus, multiple genetic clusters of human sapovirus have been reported, including four genogroups (GI, GII, GIV, and GV) with 17 gen...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Etiological Role and Repeated Infections of Sapovirus among Children Aged Less than 2 Years in a Cohort Study in a Peri-urban Community of Peru

et al. 2016

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“…NoV is the well recognized viral pathogen which causes epidemic and sporadic diarrhea in both adults and children. Some studies have even reported it as the leading cause of diarrhea, especially in children where rotavirus is believed to be the foremost viral pathogen [35]. Among various NoV genogroups, the outcome of majority of the studies shows that GII is the foremost cause of diarrhea in humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The role of viral pathogens in diarrhea is well established and several diarrheagenic viruses have been reported till date [7,38]. The disease burden associated with the viral gastroenteritis has been well documented in the studies from all over the world [30,35]. Rotavirus (RV), the RNA (segmented double stranded) virus belonging to the family of Reoviridae is the major viral agent which is responsible for diarrhea basically in children below the age group of 5 years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of rotavirus, norovirus and enterovirus in diarrheal diseases in Himachal Pradesh, India

et al. 2016

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Diarrheal diseases are responsible for a significant proportion of mortality and morbidity all around the globe. The contribution of viruses to gastroenteritis incidences in humans is well established. In the present study, we have studied the prevalence of rotavirus, norovirus and enterovirus in Himachal Pradesh, a north Indian state. A total of 287 (111 children and 176 adults) stool samples of gastroenteritis patients were screened for the viruses using RT-PCR method. 34.5 % samples were positive for the viral pathogens of gastroenteritis. Rotavirus was the predominant virus detected in the study with 49.5 and 14.8 % positivity in children and adults, respectively. Enterovirus was present in 5.6 % cases whereas norovirus had least prevalence (1.4 %). Co infection (rotavirus and enterovirus) was witnessed at the prevalence rate of 0.6 %. Among different age groups, the prevalence of studied viruses was highest in the children belonging to the age groups of \5 years. Rotavirus infections were found to be significantly associated with vomiting and trend of higher rates of fever and dehydration was seen in children along with diarrhea. Seasonal distribution shows circulation of diarrheagenic viruses throughout the year. This is the first report of prevalence of various diarrheagenic viruses circulating in this region. The outcome of the study from this cohort provides a baseline data which can be used to design the preventive strategies in the otherwise unexplored state of Himachal Pradesh.

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“…Norovirus was predominantly detected (39.3 %), whereas the prevalence of rotavirus, human parechovirus, enterovirus, and adenovirus was 20.1, 6.6, 6.1, and 5.6 %, respectively [9]. The molecular epidemiology of norovirus genotypes in this population were also analyzed by Thongprachum et al [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…From 2009 to 2013, the incidence of viral acute gastroenteritis among 2,381 Japanese pediatric patients was examined by Thongprachum et al [9]. Norovirus was predominantly detected (39.3 %), whereas the prevalence of rotavirus, human parechovirus, enterovirus, and adenovirus was 20.1, 6.6, 6.1, and 5.6 %, respectively [9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of rhabdomyolysis in a child after norovirus gastroenteritis

et al. 2016

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BackgroundIn children, the most significant cause of rhabdomyolysis or muscle breakdown is viral infection. However, there are no reports that norovirus, a gastroenteric virus that commonly infects children, specifically causes rhabdomyolysis. Here, we report the first pediatric case of norovirus-associated rhabdomyolysis.Case presentationThe patient, a 2-year-old boy with fever, diarrhea, and vomiting, was referred to our hospital with dysstasia and transaminitis. He was diagnosed with rhabdomyolysis. Additionally, norovirus genogroup GII was detected from stool samples by real-time quantitative reverse transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, and thereafter, the norovirus GII.4 variant was identified.ConclusionHowever, the association between rhabdomyolysis and the isolated norovirus variant was not clarified. After treatment the patient recovered without renal failure or disseminated intravascular coagulation. Rhabdomyolysis is a disease for which there is a need for early detection and treatment. If abnormal posture or muscle weakness is observed during the course of gastroenteritis, blood and urinary tests should be performed to rule out rhabdomyolysis.

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Four-year study of viruses that cause diarrhea in Japanese pediatric outpatients

Cited by 89 publications

References 48 publications

Etiological Role and Repeated Infections of Sapovirus among Children Aged Less than 2 Years in a Cohort Study in a Peri-urban Community of Peru

Etiological Role and Repeated Infections of Sapovirus among Children Aged Less than 2 Years in a Cohort Study in a Peri-urban Community of Peru

Prevalence of rotavirus, norovirus and enterovirus in diarrheal diseases in Himachal Pradesh, India

Development of rhabdomyolysis in a child after norovirus gastroenteritis

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