Four-compartment partition model of hazardous components in hydraulic fracturing fluid additives

Evolution of water chemistry during Marcellus Shale gas development: A case study in West Virginia

“…The most commonly used additives include biocides, cross linkers, delivery gels, foaming agents, corrosion inhibitors, and many other compounds (Orem et al, 2014;Aminto and Olson, 2012).…”

Correction to“Characterization of Marcellus Shale Flowback Water” Environ. Eng. Sci. 2014;31(9);514–524

“…In particular, barium, gross alpha, chloride, dibromochloromethane, benzene, and vinyl chloride had mean concentrations over 10 times greater than the allowable MCL (EPA, 2009) for each constituent (Tables 2-6). With the exception of chloride, none of these constituents is listed as a known chemical additive to fracturing fluid (Aminto and Olson, 2012;FracFocus, 2013).…”

“…Fracturing fluid is composed primarily of water, which is typically between 80% and 90% of the fluid by weight, along with 10-20% by weight of a proppant, often sand, zirconium oxide, or ceramic varying in particle size. The remaining additives typically constitute *0.5-2% of the fracturing fluid (Aminto and Olson 2012;EPA, 2012). The additives may include varying percentages of the following: acid, breaker, biocide, corrosion inhibitor, friction reducer, gelling agent, iron control, scale inhibitor, and surfactant (NYSDEC, 2011;Aminto and Olson 2012).…”

“…The remaining additives typically constitute *0.5-2% of the fracturing fluid (Aminto and Olson 2012;EPA, 2012). The additives may include varying percentages of the following: acid, breaker, biocide, corrosion inhibitor, friction reducer, gelling agent, iron control, scale inhibitor, and surfactant (NYSDEC, 2011;Aminto and Olson 2012). Approximately 10-30% of the fracturing fluid will return to the surface as flowback water (EPA, 2012).…”

The War against Problematic Biofilms in the Oil and Gas Industry

“…To mitigate biofilms, biocides are dosed together with other chemicals such as corrosion inhibitors for CO 2 , H 2 S corrosion, oxygen scavengers and scale removers in pigging operations [4]. Biocides are also used in the hydraulic fracturing fluids for shale gas and oil production to prevent the biofouling that plugs fissures [5].…”