Four characters in a trade-off: dissecting their phenotypic and genetic relations

Stirling, Gray; Roff, Derek A.; Fairbairn, Daphne J.

doi:10.1007/s004420050882

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…In addition to the trade-off expressed between wing morphs, our results demonstrate a trade-off within macropterous males: once macropters histolyse their DLM (the major resource constraint to reproductive investment), the trade-off between flight muscle maintenance and gonad development is substantially reduced. Similar results were also obtained in previous studies conducted with female G. firmus where it has been shown that ovary weight varies negatively with both flight muscle weight and condition (Stirling et al, 1999;Roff et al, 2002;Roff & Fairbairn, 2007b).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Male sand crickets trade‐off flight capability for reproductive potential

Sağlam

Roff

Fairbairn

2008

J of Evolutionary Biology

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In this paper, we test the hypothesis that male sand crickets, Gryllus firmus, experience a trade‐off between flight capability and reproductive potential expressed as reduced testis weight in flight‐capable morphs. We used a half‐sib design with 130 sires, three dams per sire and an average of 5.66 males per dam family, for a total of 2206 F1 offspring. Traits measured were head width, somatic dry weight, testis weight, wing morph (micropterous/macropterous), weight of the dorso‐longitudinal flight muscles (DLM) and the functional status of these muscles. Heritabilities of all traits were significant and ranged from 0.14 to 0.43. All traits were positively correlated with body size, but removal of this covariance revealed a highly significant trade‐off, both phenotypically and genetically, between testes size and flight capability as measured by wing morph, DLM size or DLM status. The possible implications of this for morph‐specific reproductive tactics are discussed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Male sand crickets trade‐off flight capability for reproductive potential

Sağlam

Roff

Fairbairn

2008

J of Evolutionary Biology

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“…Heritabilities of dispersal proxies have been estimated in both wing-dimorphic (e.g. Stirling et al, 1999) and wing-monomorphic insects (e.g. Berwaerts et al, 2008), including behavioural and physiological traits such as within-patch mobility (Saastamoinen, 2008), flight endurance (Gu & Danthanarayana, 1992) and take-off flight performance (Berwaerts et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmentally induced dispersal‐related life‐history syndrome in the tropical butterfly, Bicyclus anynana

Saastamoinen

Brakefield

Ovaskainen

2012

J of Evolutionary Biology

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Dispersal is a key process for understanding the persistence of populations as well as the capacity of organisms to respond to environmental change. Therefore, understanding factors that may facilitate or constrain the evolution of dispersal is of crucial interest. Assessments of phenotypic variation in various behavioural, physiological and morphological traits related to insect dispersal and flight performance are common, yet very little is known about the genetic associations among these traits. We have used experiments on the butterfly Bicyclus anynana to estimate genetic variation and covariation in seven behavioural, physiological and morphological traits related to flight potential and hence dispersal. Our goal was to characterize the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits and thus to understand more about the evolution of dispersal-related life-history syndromes in butterflies. Using a version of the animal model, we showed that all of the traits varied between the sexes, and most were either positively or negatively (phenotypically and/or genetically) correlated with body size. Heritable variation was present in most traits, with the highest heritabilities estimated for body mass and thorax ratio. The variance in flight activity among multiple measurements for the same individual was high even after controlling for the prevailing environmental conditions, indicating the importance of behavioural switching and/or inherent randomness associated with this type of movement. A number of dispersal-related traits showed phenotypic correlations among one another, but only a few of these were associated with significant genetic correlations indicating that covariances between these traits in Bicyclus anynana are mainly environmentally induced.

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“…Micropterous females show an earlier onset of reproduction and a greater reproductive output than macropterous females (Roff 1984(Roff , 1989(Roff , 1994b. The fecundity of macropterous females is itself negatively correlated with the condition of the DLMs measured in terms of degree (complete, partial, or none) of histolysis (Roff 1989(Roff , 1994bStirling et al 1999) or muscle mass (Stirling et al 2001). Both pedigree analysis (Roff 1994b;Roff et al 1997) and selection experiments Stirling et al 2001) have demonstrated significant negative phenotypic and genetic correlations between wing morph (where micropterous females are coded as 0 and macropterous as 1) and fecundity and between fecundity and the condition of the DLMs.…”

Section: The Trade-off Between Fecundity and Flight Capabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution of Trade-Offs: Testing Predictions on Response to Selection and Environmental Variation

2002

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The concept of phenotypic trade-offs is a central element in evolutionary theory. In general, phenotypic models assume a fixed trade-off function, whereas quantitative genetic theory predicts that the trade-off function will change as a result of selection. For a linear trade-off function selection will readily change the intercept but will have to be relatively stronger to change the slope. We test these predictions by examining the trade-off between fecundity and flight capability, as measured by dorso-longitudinal muscle mass, in four different populations of the sand cricket, Gryllus firmus. Three populations were recently derived from the wild, and the fourth had been in the laboratory for 19 years. We hypothesized that the laboratory population had most likely undergone more and different selection from the three wild populations and therefore should differ from these in respect to both slope and intercept. Because of geographic variation in selection, we predicted a general difference in intercept among the four populations. We further tested the hypothesis that this intercept will be correlated with proportion macropterous and that this relationship will itself vary with environmental conditions experienced during both the nymphal and adult period. Observed variation in the phenotypic trade-off was consistent with the predictions of the quantitative genetic model. These results point to the importance of modeling trade-offs as dynamic rather than static relationships. We discuss how phenotypic models can incorporate such variation. The phenotypic trade-off between fecundity and dorso-longitudinal muscle mass is determined in part by variation in body size, illustrating the necessity of considering trade-offs to be multi factorial rather than simply bivariate relationships.

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Four characters in a trade-off: dissecting their phenotypic and genetic relations

Cited by 15 publications

References 44 publications

Male sand crickets trade‐off flight capability for reproductive potential

Male sand crickets trade‐off flight capability for reproductive potential

Environmentally induced dispersal‐related life‐history syndrome in the tropical butterfly, Bicyclus anynana

The Evolution of Trade-Offs: Testing Predictions on Response to Selection and Environmental Variation

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