“…Therefore, a preparatory activity that achieves results similar to productive failure-while being easier to implement on a classroom level-may be a practically significant finding. Moreover, some of our recent work attends to the possibility that students who report high levels of math anxiety may benefit less from productive failure than they do from instructional approaches that do not involve failure (Gashaj, Trninic, & Formaz, 2022). Thus, for some students and teachers, an alternative to productive failure may be welcome.…”