Plants offset roughly one third of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions annually through photosynthesis and, therefore are of great significance for the global carbon (C) uptake research (Friedlingstein et al., 2020; Terrer et al., 2021). The peak of vegetation growth/ greenness in summer has been considered as the maximum photosynthesis capacity (Hilker et al., 2011;Keenan et al., 2014), which can be observed by the satellite as the maximum greenness indices (i.e., the normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI max ] and the enhanced vegetation index [EVI max ]). Several studies have demonstrated that the interannual variation of terrestrial net carbon uptake might be more determined by the peak growth in summer than spring and autumn phenology (Liu & Wu, 2020; Musavi