“…Even for the relatively simple case where we restrict to two the number of free design parameters, the relationships between the three performance functions, efficiency, normalized ripple current, and reactor temperature rise, are too complex for even the most experienced designer to visualize without computer aids. Often, the designer must choose many more than just two free design parameters [5], which is perhaps the major reason that dc-to-dc converter design is conceptually so challenging. For example, using the circuit and loss models of Sections II and III, we show below that at least 19 inde-WILSON ETAL: DC-TO-DC POWER TRAIN EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION4 pendent design choices must be made in order to define adequately a current step-up converter design.…”