Formulation Effects and the Off-Target Transport of Pyrethroid Insecticides from Urban Hard Surfaces

Jorgenson, Brant C.; Young, Thomas M.

doi:10.1021/es100094f

Cited by 39 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…Most studies investigating pesticide washoff from impervious surfaces are small-scale experiments, such as those on concrete cubes and slabs, with pesticide spikes and simulated or natural rainfall (3,4,(14)(15)(16)(17). Runoff water samples are analyzed for pesticides (active ingredients and/or degradates) to estimate mass flux and persistence for off-site transport.…”

Section: Characterization Of Pesticide Washoffmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Washoff measurements were taken from CDPR-supported experiments under controlled rainfall of approximately 25mm/hr for 1 hour (3,4,16,20). Pesticide washoff loads were measured from pre-washed concrete surfaces at various set times.…”

Section: Transport Modeling With Impervious Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pesticide washoff loads were measured from pre-washed concrete surfaces at various set times. The following three simulation settings were involved in the test, [1] K d =0 as suggested by USEPA, [2] reported K d values from soil adsorption studies, and [3] K d calibrated to the measured washoff loads at 1 day after application (DAA), and applied to data with a longer set time. Input parameters were mainly retrieved from registration data (37) ( Table 1).…”

Section: Transport Modeling With Impervious Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 3. PRZM-predicted pesticide washoff loads from impervious surfaces relative to measurements (3,4,16,20), (a) with repeated soil K d (partitioning coefficient), and (b) with K d calibrated to measurements at 1DAA (days after application). Open circles for data at 1DAA (days after application) and closed circles for those >1DAA.…”

Section: Transport Modeling With Impervious Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Impervious surfaces are often directly treated with pesticides in structural pest control applications, paved area applications, and incidental overspray or drift (1,2). Previous studies suggest that impervious surfaces are the dominant contributors to pesticide movement off-site in urban areas (3)(4)(5). Compared to other surfaces such as turf and bare soils, limited knowledge is available on the dynamics of pesticide buildup and washoff on impervious surfaces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of Modeling Approaches for Pesticide Washoff from Impervious Surfaces

Luo

2014

ACS Symposium Series

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Pesticide uses on impervious surfaces and subsequent offsite transport significantly contribute to pesticide detection and aquatic toxicity in urban watersheds. This review evaluates the various methods that currently exist to model pesticide washoff from impervious surfaces. Empirical equations successfully describe pesticide washoff by calibration to a single rainfall event, but lack consistent parameterization with varying set time and repeated rainfall. Partitioning coefficients determined from experimental data could significantly improve PRZM capability in predicting pesticide washoff from impervious surfaces. Highlighted in this review is a new semi-mechanistic approach which incorporates the time-dependence of washoff potential during the dry period after application and washoff dynamics during a runoff event. This review aims to provide information to guide model selection and model development for pesticide registration, regulation, and mitigation for urban pesticide uses. IntroductionPesticide transport in urban watersheds is a function of stormwater hydrology, various processes that control transport in watercourses, and the dynamics of pesticide release and washoff from treated surfaces. While stormwater modeling and pesticide transport in runoff have been extensively investigated, relatively few studies have evaluated pesticide washoff from urban landscapes, especially from impervious surfaces. Impervious surfaces are primary sources of overland flow generation in the urban environment. Impervious surfaces are often directly treated with pesticides in structural pest control applications, paved area applications, and incidental overspray or drift (1, 2). Previous studies suggest that impervious surfaces are the dominant contributors to pesticide movement off-site in urban areas (3-5). Compared to other surfaces such as turf and bare soils, limited knowledge is available on the dynamics of pesticide buildup and washoff on impervious surfaces. The California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) recently adopted new regulations to protect water quality in urban areas by restricting pyrethroid application amounts and certain contact areas (6). Thus, there is an emerging research need for improved washoff modeling capabilities to evaluate the effectiveness of the regulations and extrapolate the effect of mitigation practices to different conditions.The physical processes and modeling approaches of urban pollutant washoff and runoff have been reviewed in previous studies (7-13). Most of the reviews focus on pesticide transport in overland flow, concentrated flow and/or pipe flow over urban landscapes. This chapter reviews existing modeling approaches for simulating pesticide washoff from impervious surfaces, and introduces a semi-mechanistic model developed based on washoff experiments data. The models discussed here are classified as empirical or mechanistic (or semi-mechanistic) approaches. The empirical models are based on statistical analysis and data fitting and do not explicitly simulate mass t...

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Section: Characterization Of Pesticide Washoffmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Transport Modeling With Impervious Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Transport Modeling With Impervious Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Transport Modeling With Impervious Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of Modeling Approaches for Pesticide Washoff from Impervious Surfaces

Luo

2014

ACS Symposium Series

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Predicted transport of pyrethroid insecticides from an urban landscape to surface water

Jorgenson

Fleishman

Macneale

et al. 2013

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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We developed a simple screening-level model of exposure of aquatic species to pyrethroid insecticides for the lower American River watershed (California, USA). The model incorporated both empirically derived washoff functions based on existing, small-scale precipitation simulations and empirical data on pyrethroid insecticide use and watershed properties for Sacramento County, California. We calibrated the model to in-stream monitoring data and used it to predict daily river pyrethroid concentration from 1995 through 2010. The model predicted a marked increase in pyrethroid toxic units starting in 2000, coincident with an observed watershed-wide increase in pyrethroid use. After 2000, approximately 70% of the predicted total toxic unit exposure in the watershed was associated with the pyrethroids bifenthrin and cyfluthrin. Pyrethroid applications for above-ground structural pest control on the basis of suspension concentrate product formulations accounted for greater than 97% of the predicted total toxic unit exposure. Projected application of mitigation strategies, such as curtailment of structural perimeter band and barrier treatments as recently adopted by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation, reduced predicted total toxic unit exposure by 84%. The model also predicted that similar reductions in surface water concentrations of pyrethroids could be achieved through a switch from suspension concentrate categorized products to emulsifiable concentrate categorized products without restrictions on current use practice. Even with these mitigation actions, the predicted concentration of some pyrethroids would continue to exceed chronic aquatic life criteria.

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Major transport mechanisms of pyrethroids in residential settings and effects of mitigation measures

Davidson

Jones

Harbourt

et al. 2013

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The major pathways for transport of pyrethroids were determined in runoff studies conducted at a full-scale test facility in central California, USA. The 6 replicate house lots were typical of front lawns and house fronts of California residential developments and consisted of stucco walls, garage doors, driveways, and residential lawn irrigation sprinkler systems. Each of the 6 lots also included a rainfall simulator to generate artificial rainfall events. Different pyrethroids were applied to 5 surfaces—driveway, garage door and adjacent walls, lawn, lawn perimeter (grass near the house walls), and house walls above grass. The volume of runoff water from each house lot was measured, sampled, and analyzed to determine the amount of pyrethroid mass lost from each surface. Applications to 3 of the house lots were made using the application practices typically used prior to recent label changes, and applications were made to the other 3 house lots according to the revised application procedures. Results from the house lots using the historic application procedures showed that losses of the compounds applied to the driveway and garage door (including the adjacent walls) were 99.75% of total measured runoff losses. The greatest losses were associated with significant rainfall events rather than lawn irrigation events. However, runoff losses were 40 times less using the revised application procedures recently specified on pyrethroid labels. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:52–60. © 2013 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Formulation Effects and the Off-Target Transport of Pyrethroid Insecticides from Urban Hard Surfaces

Cited by 39 publications

References 21 publications

Review of Modeling Approaches for Pesticide Washoff from Impervious Surfaces

Review of Modeling Approaches for Pesticide Washoff from Impervious Surfaces

Predicted transport of pyrethroid insecticides from an urban landscape to surface water

Major transport mechanisms of pyrethroids in residential settings and effects of mitigation measures

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