Formulation and Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory, Anti-oxidative, and Anti-remodelling Effects of the Niosomal Myrtenol on the Lungs of Asthmatic Rats

Abstract

Asthma is a common chronic allergic disease that affects a significant percentage of the world’s population. Niosomes are nanoparticles consisting of non-ionic surfactants that can be used for drug delivery. This research was designed to investigate the impacts of inhalation of simple and niosomal forms of myrtenol against adverse consequences of asthma in rats.
 Asthma induction was performed via injection of ovalbumin, followed by its inhalation. Niosomes were created by a heating protocol, and their physicochemical features were evaluated. Forty-nine male Wistar rats were allotted into 7 groups (n=7 each): Control (CTL), vacant niosome (VN), Asthma, Asthma+VN, Asthma+SM (simple myrtenol), Asthma+NM (niosomal myrtenol), and Asthma+B (budesonide). Lung remodeling, serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), inflammatory and cytokines, and antioxidant factors in the lung tissue and bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF), as well as), were evaluated.
 The results showed that myrtenol-loaded niosomes had appropriate encapsulation efficiency, kinetic release, size, and zeta potential. The thickness of the epithelial cell layer in the lungs, as well as cell infiltration, fibrosis, IgE, reactive oxygen species, interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor nuclear factor alpha (TNF-α) levels, decreased significantly. In contrast, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxide activity increased significantly in the serum and BALF of the treated groups. The niosomal form of myrtenol revealed a higher efficacy than simple myrtenol and was similar to budesonide in ameliorating asthma indices. Inhalation of simple and niosomal forms of myrtenol improved the detrimental changes in the asthmatic lung. The niosomal form induced more prominent anti-asthmatic effects comparable to those of budesonide.

Hydroxysafflor yellow A attenuates allergic response of ovalbumin induced allergic rhinitis via Nrf2/HO‐1 and inflammatory signaling pathways

“…GPx is the significant antioxidants enzymes in the lung and during the asthma the activity of GPx reduced. The suppressed level of GPx decreases the Th2 dependent cytokines production and enhance the Th2 related response 37 . The study suggests that HYA potentially has the ability to neutralize the free radicals generated during the allergic reaction and thus could be used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.…”

“…35 The current study exhibited the reduction of GSH the Th2 related response. 37 The study suggests that HYA potentially has the ability to neutralize the free radicals generated during the allergic reaction and thus could be used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.…”

Myrtenol Ameliorates Recognition Memories’ Impairment and Anxiety-Like Behaviors Induced by Asthma by Mitigating Hippocampal Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Rats

“…Heimfartha et al [32] showed that myrtenol attenuates cognitive impairment induced by fibromyalgia by maintaining oxidative homeostasis. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects of myrtenol have been identified [32,33]; moreover, we have already shown the beneficial effect of myrtenol on asthma in the previous work of our laboratory [31]. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the improvement impact of myrtenol inhalation on anxiety, cognitive alterations, inflammation, and oxidative stress in the hippocampus of asthmatic rats.…”

“…On days 0 and 7, ovalbumin (OVA, 1 mg) and aluminum hydroxide (200 μg) dissolved in 0.5 mL of sterile PBS was intraperitoneally injected into the asthmatic rats. The sensitized rats inhaled 1% aerosolized OVA (1 g OVA in 100 mL of sterile PBS in a nebulizer) for 30 min every other day from day 14 to day 42 in a closed chamber (30 × 50 × 60 cm) using a nebulizer [31,34,35]. The rat groups were the CTL group (with no interventions); asthma group (received just OVA); asthma/vehicle group 44 DOI: 10.1159/000528626 (asthmatic rats that received DMSO); asthma/myrtenol group (asthmatic rats that received myrtenol at a dose of 8 mg/kg); and asthma/budesonide group (asthmatic rats that received budesonide at a dose of 160 μg/kg) as a gold standard [36].…”

“…Myrtenol exerts its antioxidant effects by elevating the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase and preventing lipid peroxidation [30]. It also has anti-inflammatory effects on asthma [31]. Heimfartha et al [32] showed that myrtenol attenuates cognitive impairment induced by fibromyalgia by maintaining oxidative homeostasis.…”