Formulating and implementing climate change laws and policies in the Philippines, Mexico (Chiapas), and South Africa: a local government perspective

Climate change adaptation in Central America: A review of the national policy efforts

“…Studies conducted in Europe and other countries (Biesbroek et al, 2010; Kehew et al, 2013; Massey & Bergsma, 2008; Pietrapertosa et al, 2018) have created the basis for a comparative analysis of the policy developments for CCA. In the literature, five components have been the center of study—(1) research on the drivers behind policy development; (2) adaptation objectives in the policies, where in many cases it is possible to find links between the drivers and the objectives of these policies and how the situation could change with new climate policies; (3) the process of policy integration in other sectors, where we reviewed the sectors that were prioritized and how they changed in importance with new climate policies; (4) the governance interactions among different levels of government behind the policy process, especially how local governments were included (or not) in the development and implementation of the policies; and (5) the arrangements made for policy implementation, evaluation, and funding, and how these instruments evolved with newer policies (see Figure 1).…”

“…Research framework followed. Source : Authors' elaboration, based on Biesbroek et al (2010), Kehew et al (2013), Massey and Bergsma (2008), Pietrapertosa et al (2018). …”

“…Horizontal coordination between departments of the national government is studied as part of the prerequisites for mainstreaming in the previous point. Vertical interactions among national governments and municipalities are studied in this article in detail by using the framework of Kehew et al (2013), based on the work of Kern and Alber (2008). The authors developed four categories when studying the cases of Philippines, Mexico, and South Africa.…”

Climate risks in West Africa: Bobo-Dioulasso local actors’ participatory risks management framework

“…Theorists have stressed the importance horizontal and vertical coordination and collaboration [3 ,21] through which the local government becomes involved in or influences the development of policies and strategies at the national level [22]. Relationships between urban governments and provincial governments in addressing CC adaptation and risk reduction challenges [2 ,5 ,23 ,24], and other forms of interactions, including inter-municipal and intra-municipal collaboration and linkages, are considered necessary for dealing with complex and cross-boundary challenges associated with CC [23 ] including operational, political, financial challenges.…”

The national and local politics of climate change adaptation in Zimbabwe

“…Similarly, the framing of climate change in major international development publications such as the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) Human Development Report and the World Bank's World Development Report focuses on issues such as the attribution of responsibilities at a global level, the need for market-based mechanisms to reduce emissions and to reduce risk, and the global politics involved in responding to these issues (Gasper, Portocarrero, & St.Clair, 2013) -but rarely recognize the political dimensions of engaging with these issues at the national level (particularly in low-and middle-income nations). Although the governance of climate change in the urban context has received substantial attention (Betsill & Bulkeley, 2006;Birkmann, Garschagen, Kraas, & Quang, 2010;Bulkeley & Betsill, 2005;Kehew et al, 2013;Roberts, 2008Roberts, , 2010Tanner, Mitchell, Polack, & Guenther, 2009), this literature has tended to focus on legal and institutional frameworks and decision-making processes.…”