Sponsorship: NERC RONO: NE/I004351/1There is emerging agreement that sustainability challenges require new ways of knowledge production and decision-making. One key aspect of sustainability science, therefore, is the involvement of actors from outside academia into the research process in order to integrate the best available knowledge, reconcile values and preferences, as well as create ownership for problems and solution options. Transdisciplinary, community-based, interactive, or participatory research approaches are often suggested as appropriate means to meet both the requirements posed by real-world problems as well as the goals of sustainability science as a transformational scientific field. Dispersed literature on these approaches and a variety of empirical projects applying them make it difficult for interested researchers and practitioners to review and become familiar with key components and design principles of how to do transdisciplinary sustainability research. Starting from a conceptual model of an ideal-typical transdisciplinary research process, this article synthesizes and structures such a set of principles from various strands of the literature and empirical experiences. We then elaborate on them, looking at challenges and some coping strategies as experienced in transdisciplinary sustainability projects in Europe, North America, South America, Africa, and Asia. The article concludes with future research needed in order to further enhance the practice of transdisciplinary sustainability research.Peer reviewe
Malaria is an important disease that has a global distribution and significant health burden. The spatial limits of its distribution and seasonal activity are sensitive to climate factors, as well as the local capacity to control the disease. Malaria is also one of the few health outcomes that has been modeled by more than one research group and can therefore facilitate the first model intercomparison for health impacts under a future with climate change. We used bias-corrected temperature and rainfall simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 climate models to compare the metrics of five statistical and dynamical malaria impact models for three future time periods (2030s, 2050s, and 2080s). We evaluated three malaria outcome metrics at global and regional levels: climate suitability, additional population at risk and additional person-months at risk across the model outputs. The malaria projections were based on five different global climate models, each run under four emission scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways, RCPs) and a single population projection. We also investigated the modeling uncertainty associated with future projections of populations at risk for malaria owing to climate change. Our findings show an overall global net increase in climate suitability and a net increase in the population at risk, but with large uncertainties. The model outputs indicate a net increase in the annual person-months at risk when comparing from RCP2.6 to RCP8.5 from the 2050s to the 2080s. The malaria outcome metrics were highly sensitive to the choice of malaria impact model, especially over the epidemic fringes of the malaria distribution.global climate impacts | disease modeling | uncertainty H ealth priorities vary between countries and also change significantly over time. One of the factors that governments are concerned with preparing for over decadal timescales is the potential impact that environmental and climate change may have on health and welfare (1, 2). These impacts are complex and multifaceted and include the potential for changing climate to alter in both time and space the burden of vector-borne diseases, including malaria.Malaria causes a significant burden of disease at the global and regional level (3). Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by parasitic protozoans of the genus Plasmodium (vivax, malariae, ovale, knowlesi, and falciparum) and is transmitted by female mosquito vectors of the Anopheles species. The spatial limits of the distribution and seasonal activity are sensitive to climate factors, as well as the local capacity to control the disease. In endemic areas where transmission occurs in regular long seasons, fatality rates are highest among children who have not yet developed immunity to the disease. In epidemic areas where malaria transmission occurs in short seasons or sporadically in the form of epidemics it is likely to cause severe fatalities in all age categories. Following the Global Malaria eradication program launched by the ...
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