Formulas for preterm and term infants

O'Connor, Deborah L; Brennan, Joan

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544712.029

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 137 publications

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“…The safe and optimal range of zinc intake is narrow unlike water-soluble vitamins, such as folate [4]. It is unknown as to whether there is any adverse effect of the long-term high zinc intake early in life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc status and growth of Korean infants fed human milk, casein-based, or soy-based formula: three-year longitudinal study

et al. 2011

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To evaluate the effect of feeding methods on growth and zinc nutritional status of infants early in life, we monitored from birth to 36 months in 51 infants who were exclusively fed human milk (HM, n = 20), casein-based formula (CBF, n = 12), or soy-based formula (SBF, n = 19) during the first five months of life. Zinc status was assessed by analyzing serum zinc concentrations and zinc intakes. Zinc contents in HM and formulas were measured. Zinc intake was estimated by weighing infants before and after feeding in the HM group and by collecting formula-intake records in the CBF and SBF groups. After solid foods were introduced, all foods consumed were also included to estimate zinc intake. The growth of infants in all groups was similar to that established for normal Korean infants. Human milk zinc concentrations declined as lactation progressed. Zinc concentrations in all formulas tested in this study were higher than HM and were also higher than those claimed by the manufacturers. During the first twelve months, mean serum zinc concentrations of infants were similar in all groups, although infants in the HM group consistently had the lowest zinc intake among the groups, and the overall zinc intake in infants fed SBF was highest. This finding could be explained by the different zinc bioavailability of HM and formulas. In conclusion, infants fed HM, CBF or SBF has normal growth up to three years of age, although HM contained the lowest zinc concentration followed by CBF, then SBF.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc status and growth of Korean infants fed human milk, casein-based, or soy-based formula: three-year longitudinal study

et al. 2011

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“…Low volume hypercaloric feeds may be provided by concentrating powdered formulas above the currently recommended concentration. By reducing the amount of added water, this method increases the level of all macro and micronutrients, resulting in a more balanced formulation (O’Connor & Brennan, 2006). Once the maximum levels of limiting nutrients are reached, energy modules, either carbohydrate or fat, may be added to the formula to further increase energy content alone (Goulet, 1997; Hwang & Shulman, 2002; Romera et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By reducing the amount of added water, this method increases the level of all macro and micronutrients, resulting in a more balanced formulation (O'Connor & Brennan, 2006). Once the maximum levels of limiting nutrients are reached, energy modules, either carbohydrate or fat, may be added to the formula to further increase energy content alone (Goulet, 1997;Hwang & Shulman, 2002;Romera et al, 2004;O'Connor & Brennan, 2006). In neonates, GP are preferred as a modular supplement because they are rapidly cleared from the stomach and absorbed (Costalos et al, 1980).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The more extensive the protein hydrolysis and the lower the molecular weight of carbohydrates, the higher is the osmolality of these formulas (Walker-Smith & Murch, 1999). High calorie density feeds may be achieved by concentrating the formulas or by adding nonprotein energy supplements such as glucose polymers (GP) and medium chain triglycerides (MCT) (Goulet, 1997;Hwang & Shulman, 2002;Romera et al, 2004;O'Connor & Brennan, 2006). Both these strategies may provoke osmotic diarrhoea in infants with SBS due to their poor tolerance to high osmolar feeds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Osmolality of elemental and semi‐elemental formulas supplemented with nonprotein energy supplements

Pereira‐da‐Silva

Dias

Virella

et al. 2008

J Human Nutrition Diet

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“…Concentrating powdered formulas by reducing the amount of added water increases the level of all macro and micronutrients and results in a more balanced formulation. Once the maximum levels of limiting nutrients may be reached using this method, energy modules, either carbohydrate or fat, may be added to the powdered formulas at standard concentrations or to the ready-to-feed liquid formulas, to increase further energy alone (Romera et al, 2004;O'Connor and Brennan, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Osmolality of preterm formulas supplemented with nonprotein energy supplements

et al. 2007

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Background: Addition of energy supplements to preterm formulas is an optional strategy to increase the energy intake in infants requiring fluid restriction, in conditions like bronchopulmonary dysplasia. This strategy may lead to an undesirable increase in osmolality of feeds, the maximum recommended safe limit being 400 mOsm/kg. The aim of the study was to measure the changes in osmolality of several commercialized preterm formulas after addition of glucose polymers and medium-chain triglycerides. Methods: Osmolality was measured by the freezing point depression method. Six powdered formulas with concentrations of 14 g/100 ml and 16 g/100 ml, and five ready-to-feed liquid formulas were analyzed. All formulas, were supplemented with 10% (low supplementation) or 20% (high supplementation) of additional calories, respectively, in the form of glucose polymers and medium chain triglycerides, maintaining a 1:1 glucose:lipid calorie ratio. Inter-analysis and intra-analysis coefficients of variation of the measurements were always o 3.9%. Results: The mean osmolality (mOsm/kg) of the non-supplemented formulas varied between 268.5 and 315.3 mOsm/kg, increasing by 3-5% in low supplemented formulas, and by 6-10% in high supplemented formulas. None of the formulas analyzed exceeded 352.8 mOsm/kg. Conclusion: The supplementation of preterm formulas with nonprotein energy supplements with up to 20% additional calories did not exceed the maximum recommended osmolality for neonatal feedings.

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Formulas for preterm and term infants

Cited by 6 publications

References 137 publications

Zinc status and growth of Korean infants fed human milk, casein-based, or soy-based formula: three-year longitudinal study

Zinc status and growth of Korean infants fed human milk, casein-based, or soy-based formula: three-year longitudinal study

Osmolality of elemental and semi‐elemental formulas supplemented with nonprotein energy supplements

Osmolality of preterm formulas supplemented with nonprotein energy supplements

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