Zinc status and growth of Korean infants fed human milk, casein-based, or soy-based formula: three-year longitudinal study

Han, Young Hee; Yon, Mi Yong; Han, Heon; Johnston, Kelley E.; Tamura, Tsunenobu; Hyun, Tai Sun

doi:10.4162/nrp.2011.5.1.46

Cited by 13 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…This leads to daily zinc intakes of around 3 to 5 mg. Such levels of intake were not found to be associated with zinc deficiency in a study in Korean infants who received daily around 4 to 4.5 mg zinc from cow's milk-based formulae or around 5.5 to 7 mg zinc from soy-based formulae (Han et al, 2011). 6 to < 12 months Breast milk does not provide sufficient amounts of zinc for infants older than six months (Prasad, 2003). In addition to breast milk, age-appropriate foods should be consumed in order to meet requirements (Krebs et al, 2012).…”

Section: To < 6 Monthsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Scientific Opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union

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2013

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on the nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union. This Opinion describes the dietary requirements of infants and young children, compares dietary intakes and requirements in infants and young children in Europe and, based on these findings, concludes on the potential role of young-child formulae in the diets of infants and young children, including whether they have any nutritional benefits when compared with other foods that may be included in the normal diet of infants and young children. The Panel concluded on the levels of nutrient and energy intakes that are considered adequate for the majority of infants and young children, and evaluated the risk of inadequate nutrient intakes in infants and young children in living Europe. Dietary intakes of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), iron, vitamin D and iodine (in some European countries) are low in infants and young children living in Europe, and particular attention should be paid to ensuring an appropriate supply of ALA, DHA, iron, vitamin D and iodine in infants and young children with inadequate or at risk of inadequate status of these nutrients. No unique role of young-child formulae with respect to the provision of critical nutrients in the diet of infants and young children living in Europe can be identified, so that they cannot be considered as a necessity to satisfy the nutritional requirements of young children when compared with other foods that may be included in the normal diet of young children (such as breast milk, infant formulae, follow-on formulae and cow's milk).

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Section: To < 6 Monthsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Scientific Opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union

Products¹

2013

EFS2

185

107

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“…Suboptimal zinc status has frequently been reported in studies of young children from high-income countries, including New Zealand [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Inadequate zinc status during early childhood is associated with an increased risk of infection [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modifiable “Predictors” of Zinc Status in Toddlers

et al. 2018

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Suboptimal zinc status is common in very young children and likely associated with increased risk of infection and detrimental effects on growth. No studies have determined potentially modifiable “predictors” of zinc status in toddlers from high-income countries. This cross-sectional analysis of 115 toddlers from the Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS (BLISS) study used weighed diet records (three non-consecutive days) to assess dietary intake, and a venous blood sample (trace-element free techniques) to assess plasma zinc, at 12 months of age. “Predictors” of plasma zinc were determined by univariate analysis and multiple regression. Mean (SD) plasma zinc was 9.7 (1.5) μmol/L, 60% were below the IZiNCG reference limit of <9.9 μmol/L. Median (25th, 75th percentiles) intake of zinc was 4.4 (3.7, 5.4) mg/day. Red meat intake (p = 0.004), consumption of zinc-fortified infant formula (3–6 mg zinc/100 g) (p = 0.026), and food fussiness (p = 0.028) were statistically significant “predictors” of plasma zinc at 12 months. Although higher intakes of red meat, and consumption of infant formula, are potentially achievable, it is important to consider possible barriers, particularly impact on breastfeeding, cost, and the challenges of behavior modification. Of interest is the association with food fussiness—further research should investigate the direction of this association.

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“…Most studies on the micronutrient contents of human milk in Korea were performed in the 1980s and 1990s [ 9 10 11 ] and involved only small sample sizes. Han et al [ 12 ] reported changes in zinc concentrations during lactation, and other investigators have reported increased incidences of anemia and vitamin D deficiency among breastfed infants due to low iron and vitamin D levels in breast milk [ 13 14 15 16 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinol, α-tocopherol, and selected minerals in breast milk of lactating women with full-term infants in South Korea

et al. 2017

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThis study was performed to measure fat-soluble vitamins and minerals in breast milk of Korean lactating mothers who exclusively breastfed their babies.SUBJECTS/METHODSBreast milk samples were collected from 334 mothers. Concentrations of retinol and α-tocopherol were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet spectrometry while concentrations of minerals were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.RESULTSRetinol and α-tocopherol contents of breast milk were 39.58 ± 19.64 µg/dL and 0.23 ± 0.13 mg/dL, respectively. Average sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels in breast milk were 11.11 ± 5.16, 38.56 ± 9.01, 27.87 ± 6.10, 13.56 ± 3.30, and 3.05 ± 0.65 mg/dL, respectively. Contents of trace elements such as iron, zinc, copper, and manganese were 40.26 ± 46.21, 98.40 ± 62.47, 24.09 ± 9.03, and 0.90 ± 1.63 µg/dL, respectively. Fat-soluble vitamin concentration was positively correlated with total fat in milk samples, but no significant differences were observed in levels of retinol, α-tocopherol, or minerals based on whether or not lactating women were taking dietary supplements.CONCLUSIONSMicronutrient contents of breast milk samples from Korean lactating women were comparable to those of other nations. Retinol and α-tocopherol levels were correlated and also with total fat in breast milk.

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Zinc status and growth of Korean infants fed human milk, casein-based, or soy-based formula: three-year longitudinal study

Cited by 13 publications

References 25 publications

Scientific Opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union

Scientific Opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union

Modifiable “Predictors” of Zinc Status in Toddlers

Retinol, α-tocopherol, and selected minerals in breast milk of lactating women with full-term infants in South Korea

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