Formic Acid

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 3. Chemical Properties 3.1. Stability 3.2. Carboxylic Acid Reactions 3.3. Other Reactions 4. Production 4.1. Methyl Formate Hydrolysis 4.1.1. Kemira ‐ Leonard Process 4.1.2. BASF Process 4.1.3. USSR Process 4.2. Production from Formates 4.2.1. Formates as Polyol Byproducts 4.2.2. Formates from Carbon Monoxide 4.3. Formic Acid from Carbon Dioxide 4.4. Formic Acid from Biomass 4.5. Other Processes 4.6. Recovery of Formic Acid 5. Environmental Protection 6. Quality Specifications 7. Chemical Analysis 8. Storage and Transportation 9. Legal Aspects 10. Uses 10.1. Biomass Preservation 10.1.1. Silage 10.1.2. Animal Biomass 10.2 Leather 10.3. Textile 10.4. Feed Additives 10.5. Pharmaceuticals and Food Additives 10.6. Other Uses 10.6.1. Rubber Coagulation 10.6.2. Gas desulfurization 10.6.3. Well acidifizers 10.6.4. Formic Acid as Source of Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide 10.6.5. Cleaning Agents 10.6.6. Solvent Use 11. Economic Aspects 12. Derivatives 12.1. Salts 12.1.1. Sodium Formate 12.1.2. Potassium Formate 12.1.3. Other Formate Salts 12.2. Esters 12.1.1. Methyl Formate 12.1.2. Ethyl Formate 12.2.3. Other Esters 12.3. Performic Acid 13. Toxicology and Occupational Health

TiO2 Nanotubes with Pt and Pd Nanoparticles as Catalysts for Electro-Oxidation of Formic Acid

“…In contrast to methanol, formic acid is a nontoxic liquid and dilute formic acid solutions are safe: they are used as a food additive. When released to environment it decomposes easily [23][24][25].…”

Methylformate from CO2: an integrated process combining catalytic hydrogenation and reactive distillation

“…23 In the current fossil-based industry, MF and FA are produced by carbonylation of methanol with CO, both starting materials obtained mainly from natural gas. 24 Due to the principle reversibility of the reaction, 25 the liquid products have been suggested as easy-to-handle CO surrogates. 26,27 MF is the key intermediate for the production of FA, but also a direct source for formyl groups in many other chemical products including formate esters and formamides in commodity and specialty chemicals.…”

Challenges and opportunities for using formate to store, transport, and use hydrogen

“…Industrially, FA is synthesized in a two-step process developed by BASF: carbonylation of methanol followed by the hydrolysis of the methyl ester [15] . The production scale of FA reached 697 kton in 2013 and is expected to reach 760 kton in 2019 [16] .…”

“…26.5 M, is 53 g H 2 /L. However, this H 2 density capacity is not often achieved for at least two reasons: (1) the preparation of anhydrous FA is energy intensive [15] and (2) there are few catalysts that are stable for long time periods in concentrated FA. Consequently, many reports describe H 2 release from dilute aqueous solutions [85] .…”