Because
of profound applications of MoS2 crystals in
electronics, their microscale oxidation is the subject of substantial
interest. We report on oxidation of single MoS2 crystals,
which were oxidized within a precision muffle furnace at a series
of increasing temperatures up to 500 °C. Using electron dispersion
X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) at ambient conditions, we observed an increase
of oxide content with increasing heating temperature and obtained
an apparent activation energy for the oxidation process of the order
of 1 kcal/mol. This value is at least 8 times smaller than an activation
energy for surface formation of MoO3 and according to the
literature points rather to physisorbed oxygen species. Our Auger
electron spectroscopy (AES) results also pointed out toward the physisorbed
oxygen, similarly as our further heating studies within elevated relative
humidity conditions. The Mo oxide leftovers on the sample were investigated
using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and showed dendritic structures.
Surface appearance of those dendrites, their fractal dimension between
1.61 and 1.66, and their surface distribution were reminiscent of
the diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) growth. On the basis of analysis
of AFM topographs, we hypothesized that the DLA process was controlled
by a surface diffusion of the initially physisorbed oxygen, which
had to diffuse to reaction centers in order to facilitate the subsequent
chemical conversion of MoS2 layers to volatile Mo oxides.
The nitrogen doping of titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO 2 NTs) was investigated as a result of well-controlled plasma nitriding of TiO 2 NTs at a low temperature. This way of nitrogen doping is proposed as an alternative to chemical/electrochemical methods. The plasma nitriding process was performed in a preparation chamber connected to an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrometer, and the nitrogen-doped TiO 2 NTs were next investigated in situ by XPS in the same ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) system. The collected high-resolution (HR) XPS spectra of N 1s, Ti 2p, O 1s, C 1s, and valence band (VB) revealed the formation of chemical bonds between titanium, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms as substitutional or interstitial species. Moreover, the results provided a characterization of the electronic states of N−TiO 2 NTs generated by various plasma nitriding and annealing treatments. The VB XPS spectrum showed a reduction in the TiO 2 band gap of about 0.6 eV for optimal nitriding and heat-treated conditions. The TiO 2 NTs annealed at 450 or 650 °C in air (ex situ) and nitrided under UHV conditions were used as reference materials to check the formation of Ti−N bonds in the TiO 2 lattice with a well-defined structure (anatase or a mixture of anatase and rutile). Scanning electron microscopy microscopic observations of the received materials were used to evaluate the morphology of the TiO 2 NTs after each step of the nitriding and annealing treatments.
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