Formation of Stable Phosphorus–Carbon Bond for Enhanced Performance in Black Phosphorus Nanoparticle–Graphite Composite Battery Anodes

Sun, Jie; Zheng, Guangyuan; Lee, Hyun‐Wook; Liu, Nian; Wang, Haotian; Yao, Hong‐Bin; Yang, Wensheng; Cui, Yi

doi:10.1021/nl501617j

Cited by 781 publications

(750 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Specifically, a C-P bond attributed to phosphorus which is located as doping in the carbon (consistent with the increased carbon lattice spacing from XRD) is located at 284.1 eV; the peak from C-O-P/C-O-C lies at 286.7 eV; and a distinct peak appears at 289.7 eV that can be assigned to P-C=O/O-C=O. [13,32,33] The bonds with oxygen originate from the oxidation of ball milled carbon upon exposure to air. The BP in the composite shows a marked reduction of the P-O signal.…”

supporting

confidence: 59%

High‐Performance and Low‐Cost Sodium‐Ion Anode Based on a Facile Black Phosphorus−Carbon Nanocomposite

Peng

Liu

et al. 2017

ChemElectroChem

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Black phosphorus (BP) has received increasing research attention as an anode material in sodium ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high capacity, electronic conductivity and chemical stability. However, it is still challenging for BP based SIB anodes to achieve a high electrochemical performance utilizing cost-effective materials and synthetic methods. This work presents a sodium ion anode based on a facile BP -carbon nanocomposite synthesized from commercial red phosphorus and low-cost super P carbon black. Intimate interactions between BP and carbon are present which help to maintain the electrical conduction during cycling and therefore a high cycling stability is achieved. It exhibits a high capacity retention of 1381 mAh g -1 for sodium ion storage after 100 cycles, maintaining 90.5 % of the initial reversible capacity. Such high performance / materials cost ratio may provide direction for future phosphorus based anodes in high energy density SIBs.Cost-effective and high energy density batteries and battery materials are required to meet the demand of electricity storage. Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) attract increasing research attention because of the high abundance of sodium compared to lithium, and significant progress has been made in recent years. [1][2][3] Among the high-capacity anode materials (Sb, Sn, etc.) for sodium ion storage, phosphorus exhibits the highest theoretical capacity of 2596 mAh g −1 (Na 3 P). Significant research interest has been triggered by the prospects of high energy density SIBs based on phosphorus anodes. [4,5] Phosphorus exists in several allotropes that exhibit strikingly different properties. White phosphorus is chemically unstable, volatile, toxic and non-conducting, and therefore not suitable for battery applications. The most common allotrope, red phosphorus, is widely available and chemically stable, and has been studied intensively for sodium ion batteries. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] However, its low electrical conductivity appears to be a major drawback. To address this issue, these electrodes included a large amount of costly carbon nanomaterials (graphene, carbon nanotube (CNT), carbon nanofiber (CNF), etc.). For large scale applications the use of CNT's needs orders of magnitude reduced cost levels, [14] while also graphene and its processing are considered costly. [15] With respect to energy density and manufacturing cost these material factors [16] form a barrier for the commercial introduction of phosphorus as the anode materials for SIBs. Cost-effective super P carbon black are also investigated, [17] but the cycle life of the electrode (only 30 de-/sodiation cycles were reported) is still to be improved.The use of carbon should be noted because carbon and phosphorus do not form binary inorganic or molecular compounds; they can, however, form composites of phosphorus and carbon nanostructures held together by what will likely be weak van der Waals forces. The fact that no P-C compounds are stable implies that upon Na insertion and extraction there are...

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supporting

confidence: 59%

High‐Performance and Low‐Cost Sodium‐Ion Anode Based on a Facile Black Phosphorus−Carbon Nanocomposite

Peng

Liu

et al. 2017

ChemElectroChem

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“…3(a), lattice fringes with d-spacing of 0.273 nm, corresponding to the (011) planes of FeP, are observed. There are no lattice fringes between the FeP and the amorphous carbon, which indicates that no bonding was formed between the FeP and the carbon, 18 which is in line with the Raman spectra. The FeP nanocrystals are embedded in the amorphous carbon matrix.…”

Section: Electrochemical Measurementssupporting

confidence: 77%

Ball-milled FeP/graphite as a low-cost anode material for the sodium-ion battery

Yang

Chou

et al. 2015

RSC Adv.

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. (2015). Ball-milled FeP/graphite as a low-cost anode material for the sodium-ion battery. RSC Advances: an international journal to further the chemical sciences, 5 (98), 80536-80541.Ball-milled FeP/graphite as a low-cost anode material for the sodium-ion battery AbstractPhosphorus is a promising anode material for sodium batteries with a theoretical capacity of 2596 mA h g -1 .However, phosphorus has a low electrical conductivity of 1 x 10 -14 S cm -1 , which results in poor cycling and rate performances. Even if it is alloyed with conductive Fe, it still delivers a poor electrochemical performance. In this article, a FeP/graphite composite has been synthesized using a simple, cheap, and productive method of low energy ball-milling, which is an efficient way to improve the electrical conductivity of the FeP compound. The cycling performance was improved significantly, and when the current density increased to 500 mA g -1 , the FeP/graphite composite could still deliver 134 mA h g -1 , which was more than twice the capacity of the FeP compound alone. Our results suggest that by using a low-energy ball-milling method, a promising FeP/graphite anode material can be synthesized for the sodium battery. However, phosphorus has a low electrical conductivity of 1 Â 10 À14 S cm À1 , which results in poor cycling and rate performances. Even if it is alloyed with conductive Fe, it still delivers a poor electrochemical performance. In this article, a FeP/graphite composite has been synthesized using a simple, cheap, and productive method of low energy ball-milling, which is an efficient way to improve the electrical conductivity of the FeP compound. The cycling performance was improved significantly, and when the current density increased to 500 mA g À1, the FeP/graphite composite could still deliver 134 mA h g À1, which was more than twice the capacity of the FeP compound alone. Our results suggest that by using a low-energy ball-milling method, a promising FeP/graphite anode material can be synthesized for the sodium battery.

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“…Black phosphorus has been utilized in lithium-ion battery and has high capacity as well as good reversibility [21][22][23][24][25]. In contrast to bulk semiconductors, phosphorene has a thickness dependent bandgap [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realization of N-Type Semiconducting of Phosphorene through Surface Metal Doping and Work Function Study

Sun

Shang

Yang

et al. 2018

Journal of Nanomaterials

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Phosphorene becomes an important member of the layered nanomaterials since its discovery for the fabrication of nanodevices. In the experiments, pristine phosphorene shows -type semiconducting with no exception. To reach its full capability, -type semiconducting is a necessity. Here, we report the electronic structure engineering of phosphorene by surface metal atom doping. Five metal elements, Cu, Ag, Au, Li, and Na, have been considered which could form stable adsorption on phosphorene. These elements show patterns in their electron configuration with one valence electron in their outermost -orbital. Among three group 11 elements, Cu can induce -type degenerate semiconducting, while Ag and Au can only introduce localized impurity states. The distinct ability of Cu, compared to Ag and Au, is mainly attributed to the electronegativity. Cu has smaller electronegativity and thus denotes its electron to phosphorene, upshifting the Fermi level towards conduction band, resulting in -type semiconducting. Ag and Au have larger electronegativity and hardly transfer electrons to phosphorene. Parallel studies of Li and Na doping support these findings. In addition, Cu doping effectively regulates the work function of phosphorene, which gradually decreases upon increasing Cu concentration. It is also interesting that Au can hardly change the work function of phosphorene.

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Formation of Stable Phosphorus–Carbon Bond for Enhanced Performance in Black Phosphorus Nanoparticle–Graphite Composite Battery Anodes

Cited by 781 publications

References 52 publications

High‐Performance and Low‐Cost Sodium‐Ion Anode Based on a Facile Black Phosphorus−Carbon Nanocomposite

High‐Performance and Low‐Cost Sodium‐Ion Anode Based on a Facile Black Phosphorus−Carbon Nanocomposite

Ball-milled FeP/graphite as a low-cost anode material for the sodium-ion battery

Realization of N-Type Semiconducting of Phosphorene through Surface Metal Doping and Work Function Study

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