Formation of semicarbazide (SEM) in food by hypochlorite treatment: is SEM a specific marker for nitrofurazone abuse?

Hoenicke, Katrin; Gatermann, Robert; Hartig, Lutz; Mandix, M.; Otte, Stefan

doi:10.1080/02652030410001712484

Cited by 115 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The formation of SEM during the baking of bread (Becalski et al, 2004(Becalski et al, , 2006 and flour-coated poultry products (Hoenicke et al, 2004) was also confirmed when the use of azodicarbonamide as an additive in flour was examined. SEM formation has also been observed in samples such as carrageen (a seaweed extract used as a food additive), starch and egg white powder treated with hypochlorite solutions containing 12% active chlorine (Hoenicke et al, 2004).…”

Section: Sources Of Nitrofuran and Semicarbazide Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…SEM formation has also been observed in samples such as carrageen (a seaweed extract used as a food additive), starch and egg white powder treated with hypochlorite solutions containing 12% active chlorine (Hoenicke et al, 2004). Hypochlorite is commonly used for carrageen bleaching or water disinfection and also as a disinfectant during egg breaking procedures (de la Calle and Anklam, 2005).…”

Section: Sources Of Nitrofuran and Semicarbazide Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Methods for the determination of semicarbazide presence or contamination not related to nitrofuran abuse in matrices such as carrageenan and algae (Hoenicke et al, 2004), shrimp (Bock et al, 2007b), crayfish (Saari and Peltonen, 2004) flour (Becalski et al, 2004), salt (Pereira et al, 2004) and baby food (De Souza et al, 2005) have also been established.…”

Section: Sample Preparation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Nitrofuran antibiotics: a review on the application, prohibition and residual analysis

Vass¹,

Hruška²,

Fránek³

2008

Vet. Med.

229

130

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Nitrofuran antibiotics, employed for the treatment of bacterial diseases in livestock production, were banned from use in the European Union (EU) in 1995 due to concerns about the carcinogenicity of their residues in edible tissue. This review provides an overview of nitrofuran toxicity, metabolism, and also specific aspects of legislation surrounding their prohibition. Special attention is devoted to semicarbazide -a nitrofuran metabolite and food contaminant. Analytical procedures for nitrofuran analysis in various matrices and validation requirements for screening and confirmation methods with respect to EU regulations are also reviewed.Keywords: nitrofurans; tissue bound metabolites; semicarbazide; bioavailability; mutagenicity; legislation; sample preparation; validation; detection methods List of abbreviations AHD = 1-aminohydantoin; AOZ = 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone; AMOZ = 3-amino-5-morpholino-methyl-1,3-oxazolidinone; CC α = decision limit; CC β = detection capability; EC = European Commission; EFSA = European Food Safety Authority; ELISA = enzyme linked immuno-adsorbent assay; ESI = electro-spray ionisation; EU = European Union; FTD = furaltadone; FZD = furazolidone; HPLC = high performance liquid chromatography; IC = inhibition concentration; LC = liquid chromatography; LOD = limit of detection; MS = mass spectrometry; NFT = nitrofurantoin; NFZ = nitrofurazone; NP = nitrophenyl; NPAHD = 3-(2-nitrobenzylidenamino)-2,4-imidazolidinedione); NPAMOZ = 5-(morpholinomethyl)-3-(2-nitrobenzylidenamino)-2-oxazolidinone); NPAOZ = [3-(2-nitrobenzylidenamino)-2-oxazolidinone]; NPSEM = 3[(2-nitrophenyl)methylene]-hydrazinecarboxamide; o-NBA = ortho-nitrobenzaldehyde; RASFF = Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed; SE = solvent extraction; SEM = semicarbazide; SPE = solid phase extraction; UV = ultraviolet

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Section: Sources Of Nitrofuran and Semicarbazide Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Sources Of Nitrofuran and Semicarbazide Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Preparation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Nitrofuran antibiotics: a review on the application, prohibition and residual analysis

Vass¹,

Hruška²,

Fránek³

2008

Vet. Med.

229

130

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The discovery of SEM in carrageenan (Hoenicke et al, 2004) demonstrated to these researchers that it was not possible to differentiate between SEM resulting from Nitrofuran abuse; SEM occurring naturally or by bleaching processes involved in producing semi-refined carrageenan (PES). Subsequently tests demonstrated that SEM had weak mutagenic activity and posed no risk to humans in the amounts likely to be consumed (Abramsson-Zetterberg et al, 2005;AFC Panel, 2005;Hoenicke et al, 2006;Hoenicke et al, 2004).…”

Section: Case III the 'Tobacman' Controversymentioning

confidence: 99%

Public health and carrageenan regulation: a review and analysis

Burges

2007

J Appl Phycol

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Publisher's copyright statement:The original publication is available at www.springerlink.com Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. AbstractThe status of carrageenan in the regulatory sphere influences how and where it may be used, with implications for seaweed farmers, carrageenan manufacturers and consumers. Over the period 1935 to the present the status of carrageenan has been effected by changes in the regulatory environment that reflect new understandings about carrageenan, health and health risks as well as broader trade, social and political changes. This paper reviews regulatory progress from the 1930s to the present. It reflects, in particular, the shifting priorities in public health and their effects on the regulatory status of carrageenan. Four case studies of public controversies about carrageenan safety are discussed in relation to regulatory responses and their public health significance. It is concluded that current assessments of risk associated with carrageenan have, in some contexts, failed to take into account the full spectrum of safety assessments that have been carried out and the maturing of food additive regulations thereby allowing a myth of risk to continue.

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“…These covalently-bound metabolites are used as marker residues for detecting the illicit use of nitrofurans in animal production. It should be noted that the metabolite semicarbazide (SEM) has been shown not to be an unambiguous marker for abuse of the nitrofuran drug nitrofurazone because the semicarbazide molecule may occur from other sources (Hoenicke, et al, 2004;Sarnsonova, et al, 2008;Bendall, 2009). …”

Section: (A) Dioxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat (bovine animals)

2013

EFSA Journal

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A risk ranking process identified Salmonella spp. and pathogenic verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) as current high-priority biological hazards for meat inspection of bovine animals. As these hazards are not detected by traditional meat inspection, a meat safety assurance system for the farm-to-chilled carcass continuum using a risk-based approach was proposed. Key elements of the system are risk-categorisation of slaughter animals for high-priority biological hazards based on improved food chain information, as well as risk-categorisation of slaughterhouses according to their capability to control those hazards. Omission of palpation and incision during post-mortem inspection for animals subjected to routine slaughter may decrease spreading and cross-contamination with the high-priority biological hazards. For chemical hazards, dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls were ranked as being of high potential concern; all other substances were SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from several animal species, with the contribution of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) and the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW). Briefly, the main risks to public health that should be addressed by the meat inspection system were identified and ranked; the strengths and weaknesses of the current meat inspection system were evaluated; recommendations were made for inspection methods addressing hazards not covered by the current meat inspection system; and recommendations for adaptations of inspection methods and/or frequencies of inspection that provide an equivalent level of protection were made. In addition, the implications for animal health and animal welfare of any proposed changes to current inspection methods were assessed. This opinion covers the inspection of meat from bovine animals.The Terms of Reference from the European Commission requested two opinions, one covering bovine animals under six weeks old and the other covering bovine animals over six weeks old. It was determined that within a true risk-based meat inspection concept, it is not necessary to design and apply a separate meat inspection system for individual bovine species or farming systems or animal age categories. Rather, a universal meat inspection framework can be designed and applied that would allow risk categorisation of animals based on individual farm-related food chain information (FCI), which also includes farming system and animal age category components. Furthermore, the available data from the National Residue Control Programmes (NRCPs) do not readily discriminate between the two age groups. Therefore, the assessment did not differentiate between these two age groups in terms of biological hazards, chemical residues and contaminants, and subsequently a single opinion is provided.Decision trees were developed and used for pr...

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Formation of semicarbazide (SEM) in food by hypochlorite treatment: is SEM a specific marker for nitrofurazone abuse?

Cited by 115 publications

References 14 publications

Nitrofuran antibiotics: a review on the application, prohibition and residual analysis

Nitrofuran antibiotics: a review on the application, prohibition and residual analysis

Public health and carrageenan regulation: a review and analysis

Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat (bovine animals)

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