Formation of photosynthetic pigments and quinones and development of photosynthetic activity in barley etioplasts during greening in intermittent and continuous white light

Abstract

The appearance and development of photosynthetic activity, and the accumulation of chlorophylls, carotenoids and quinones, was investigated in etiolated barley shoots (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Villa) during greening in flash light, periodic light‐dark cycles, and continuous white light. Greening and the development of photosynthetic activity was delayed in flash and periodic light compared to continuous white light. Photosystem II activity occurred after 6 light‐dark cycles and increased continuously during greening. After 3 h greening in continuous white light, photosystem II activity appeared with a very high rate and decreased to that of a green leaf after 50 h greening. Parallel to the development of photosynthetic activity, light stimulated the biosynthesis of prenyllipids. Moreover, chlorophylls and those carotenoids and quinones that are contained in etioplasts in relatively small amounts, were particularly enhanced in their biosynthesis. Chlorophyll a was synthesized without a lag phase during greening in flash light, whereas a 2 h lag phase occurred in continuous white light. In all three modes of illumination the formation of chlorophyll a exceeded that of chlorophyll b. After 4 flashes and 2 light‐dark cycles, chlorophyll b could be detected with a very high initial a/b ratio. Higher chlorophyll a/b ratios were reached after 200 flashes (a/b=10.9) and 50 light‐dark cycles (a/b=6.6) than after 50 h continuous white light (a/b=3.3). The formation of carotenes, lutein, violaxanthin and neoxanthin was also enhanced by light. This was also confirmed for plast‐ouinone‐9. ş‐tocopherol,α‐tocoquinone and phylloquinone. A comparison of the carotenoid and quinone composition of the differentiating thylakoid membrane before and after onset of photosynthesis, reveals that the photosynthetic membrane is already equipped with photosynthetic pigments and quinones before the appearance of photosystem II activity. It is concluded that during development of the photo‐synthetic apparatus the thylakoid membrane with its structural and functional constituents is formed first. In a second and slower process the water splitting enzyme system and enzymes of the Calvin cycle are activated.

High biological variability of plastids, photosynthetic pigments and pigment forms of leaf primordia in buds

“…The yellowish color of dark-developed (etiolated) chlorenchymatic tissues is due to the dominance of carotenoids (Valadon and Mummery 1969;Lichtenthaler and Becker 1970;Grumbach 1981;Böddi et al 1989;Schoefs et al 1998), since the amount of Pchlide is reduced, due to the negative feedback control of -ALA biosynthesis (SchiV and Epstein 1966). The carotenoid content of the leaves increased during bud break and the subsequent greening (Table 1a).…”

Does the chloroplast envelope contain carotenoids and quinones in vivo?

“…Before extracting the pigments and quinones, aliquots of both fractions were solubilized using 2% (w/v) desoxycholate and the precipitated and redissolved protein assayed according to the method of Lowry et al (1951). Pigments and quinones were extracted from the leaves, cotyledons, chloroplasts and subplastid fractions using standard techniques (Grumbach 1981). Chlorophylls were assayed as described by Ziegler and Egle (1965), carotenoids by the methods of and Britton and Goodwin (1971) and quinones according to Grumbach (1981).…”

“…Pigments and quinones were extracted from the leaves, cotyledons, chloroplasts and subplastid fractions using standard techniques (Grumbach 1981). Chlorophylls were assayed as described by Ziegler and Egle (1965), carotenoids by the methods of and Britton and Goodwin (1971) and quinones according to Grumbach (1981). Pigment and quinone content and composition of the thylakoid and envelope fractions were assayed using high performance liquid chromatography (Figs 1 Tab.…”

Light-Stimulated Carotenoid Biosynthesis during Transformation of Maize Etioplasts Is Regulated by Increased Activity of Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate Isomerase

“…Carotenoids are present in etioplasts but in a lower amount than in the corresponding chloroplasts (Grumbach, 1981; Bany et al, 1991 …”

“…Carotenoids are present in etioplasts but in a lower amount than in the corresponding chloroplasts (Grumbach, 1981;Bany et al, 1991). However, upon transition in the ' This study was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemein-* Corresponding author; fax 49-7531-883042.…”