Formation of halogenated disinfection by-products during ballast water chlorination

Zhang, Hui; Xue, Junzeng; Wang, Qiong; Lin, You-Wei; Wu, Huixian

doi:10.1039/d1ew00674f

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…According to previous studies, the generation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) by sterilization devices using AS is influenced by the form and concentration of oxidants, contact time, organic matter concentration and characteristics, and water quality conditions such as salinity, pH, and temperature [7][8][9][10][11][12]. Shah et al reported that trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) are influenced by the degree of salinity (especially the bromide concentration), the concentration and form of the dissolved organic matter (DOM), and the type/dose of oxidants [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, environmental hazards could increase when ballast water is treated with BWMS using AS in seawater with high bromide concentrations. In addition, the efficiency of BWMS using electrolytic devices is influenced by factors such as the salinity, pH, and water temperature of ship ballast water [3,8,11,17]. Cha et al reported that when the pH drops to around 6, the proportion of HOCl or HOBr increases by about 7%, and these compounds have stronger sterilizing powers than OCland/or OBr - [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simulated Testing of the Characteristics and Environmental Impacts of Disinfection By-Products Generated by Ballast Water Management Systems in Ports during Phytoplankton Blooms

Cha,

Hyun,

Jang

et al. 2024

JMSE

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Ballast water management systems (BWMSs) using active substances (AS) have been subjected to land-based tests with artificially increased dissolved organic matter (DOM) and cultured species according to the International Maritime Organization G9 guidelines before the BWMS Code revision. Therefore, data on the environment risk assessment (ERA) of disinfection by-products (DBPs) for actual port DOM and natural species are limited. This study was conducted using seawater from Jangmok Bay, South Korea, during a phytoplankton bloom. In treated water with a high biological content (Group A), the DBPs concentration increased as the initial AS concentration increased. However, in treated water with a low biological content (Group B), the DBPs concentration did not increase as the initial AS concentrations. The higher the residual AS concentration on day 5, the more the DBPs concentration increased, and the composition ratio of the DBPs was also affected. The ERA to individual DBP was evaluated as low given <1 for the ratio of the predicted environmental concentration to the predicted no-effect concentration in port environments exposed to DBPs in discharged ballast water. This result may suggest that the ERA of IMO G9 performed with cultured species and additives could substitute the outcome obtained with natural plankton assemblages.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulated Testing of the Characteristics and Environmental Impacts of Disinfection By-Products Generated by Ballast Water Management Systems in Ports during Phytoplankton Blooms

Cha,

Hyun,

Jang

et al. 2024

JMSE

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Evaluation of the DBP formation potential of biocides and identification of knowledge gaps in environmental risk assessment

Usman,

Hüben,

Hahn

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Eur

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Disinfectants and preservatives used as biocides may contain or release active substances (a.s.) that can form by-products with the surrounding matrices during their application which may be released into the environment. Over the past 40 years, several hundred of these so-called disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been detected after applications of biocides used for disinfection. Due to intensive research and further development of analytical capabilities, many new DBP classes, such as iodinated DBPs (I-DBPs), halonitromethanes (HNMs), haloacetamides (HaAms), or halomethanesulfonic acids were detected worldwide in various matrices and applications. Due to the possible hazards and risks for humans and the environment, frequently occurring DBP classes, such as trihalomethanes (THM), haloacetic acids (HAA) and nitrosamines (NDMA), have already been included in many legislations and given limit values. In the European Union, biocides are assessed under the Biocidal Products Regulation 528/2012 (BPR) regarding their efficacy, potential hazards, and risks to human health and the environment. However, the available guidance for the environmental risk assessment (ERA) of DBPs remains vague. To identify knowledge gaps and to further develop the assessment scheme for the ERA of DBPs, a literature search on the multiple uses of biocides and their formation potential of DBPs was performed and the existing process for ERA was evaluated. The results show knowledge gaps on the formation of DBP in non-aqueous systems and DBP formation by non-halogen-based biocidal active substances. Based on the literature research on biocides, a possible proposal of grouping a.s. to consider their DBP formation potential is presented to simplify future ERAs. However, this also requires further research. Until then, a pragmatic approach considering the DBPs formation potential of the active substances and the identified knowledge gaps need to be established for the environmental risk assessment of DBPs in the EU. Graphical Abstract

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Characteristic and Relative Environmental Risk of Disinfection by Products Associated with Simple Glucose or Naturally Occurring Algal Organic Matter as Tested in Ballast Water Treatment System

Jang

Cha

Jang

et al. 2022

JMSE

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To prevent the invasion of alien species, the International Maritime Organization and the United States Costal Guard require that a ballast water management system (BWMS) be installed on ships to treat the ballast water before discharging it. BWMS technologies use active substances, which create disinfection by-products (DBPs) during ballast water treatment. This study compared the characteristics of DBPs generated in the treatment of commercial glucose with those of algal organic matter (AOM) derived from field-collected phytoplankton using NaOCl as the active substance. During the treatment of AOM, a greater variety and higher concentrations of DBPs were generated than for glucose. For AOM in freshwater, bromoform and dibromoacetic acid were dominant because of the bromine ions present in the phytoplankton. During the treatment of glucose, the ratio of the predicted environmental concentration to the predicted no-effect concentration of dibromoacetonitrile and chloropicrin exceeded 1, indicating a potential environmental risk. Whole effluent toxicity (WET) testing showed that the chronic toxicity of phytoplankton and the total DBP concentration were highest in marine water with AOM. In addition, the results of WET testing suggested that the concentrations of haloacetic acids (HAAs) and haloacetonitriles (HANs) were important indicators for the evaluation of environmental risk. Therefore, to evaluate the risk of DBPs in international ports where phytoplankton outbreaks frequently occur, it is important to monitor not only the total DBP concentration but also the total HAA and HAN concentrations.

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Formation of halogenated disinfection by-products during ballast water chlorination

Abstract: Halogenated disinfection by-products (DBPs) from ballast water treatment have attracted more attention owing to their potential threats to marine ecosystems. Chlorination is widely used in ballast water treatment, in which...

Cited by 3 publications

References 41 publications

Simulated Testing of the Characteristics and Environmental Impacts of Disinfection By-Products Generated by Ballast Water Management Systems in Ports during Phytoplankton Blooms

Simulated Testing of the Characteristics and Environmental Impacts of Disinfection By-Products Generated by Ballast Water Management Systems in Ports during Phytoplankton Blooms

Evaluation of the DBP formation potential of biocides and identification of knowledge gaps in environmental risk assessment

Characteristic and Relative Environmental Risk of Disinfection by Products Associated with Simple Glucose or Naturally Occurring Algal Organic Matter as Tested in Ballast Water Treatment System

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