Formation of diamond from the liquid phase of carbon

Mal'kov, I. Yu.; Filatov, L. I.; Titov, V. M.; Litvinov, B. V.; Teslenko, T. S.

doi:10.1007/bf00782983

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The liquid phase of carbon is very difficult to study experimentally and has been observed above the graphite/diamond/liquid triple point at ~12 GPa/5000 K using laser or Joule heating of bulk carbon 16,17 . In detonation literature, however, the liquid state is usually inferred from the size and morphology of nanodiamonds in late time detonation products, notably for BTF 18,19 . From these indirect observations, liquid droplet formation and solidification have been suggested to occur over several microseconds through coalescence of smaller droplets and concomitant adiabatic cooling; however, no early time experimental results have verified the existence of liquid carbon or the timescales suggested during HE detonation 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detonation synthesis of carbon nano-onions via liquid carbon condensation

et al. 2019

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Transit through the carbon liquid phase has significant consequences for the subsequent formation of solid nanocarbon detonation products. We report dynamic measurements of liquid carbon condensation and solidification into nano-onions over ∽200 ns by analysis of time-resolved, small-angle X-ray scattering data acquired during detonation of a hydrogen-free explosive, DNTF (3,4-bis(3-nitrofurazan-4-yl)furoxan). Further, thermochemical modeling predicts a direct liquid to solid graphite phase transition for DNTF products ~200 ns post-detonation. Solid detonation products were collected and characterized by high-resolution electron microscopy to confirm the abundance of carbon nano-onions with an average diameter of ∽10 nm, matching the dynamic measurements. We analyze other carbon-rich explosives by similar methods to systematically explore different regions of the carbon phase diagram traversed during detonation. Our results suggest a potential pathway to the efficient production of carbon nano-onions, while offering insight into the phase transformation kinetics of liquid carbon under extreme pressures and temperatures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detonation synthesis of carbon nano-onions via liquid carbon condensation

et al. 2019

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“…Despite intensive research focused on the understanding of the diamond-formation process, its fundamental mechanisms are still subject to discussion2341617181920. Various possible mechanisms based on thermodynamic assumptions, and the evaluation of the final product, were used to explain the nanodiamond formation-mechanisms during the detonation process4171819.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Various possible mechanisms based on thermodynamic assumptions, and the evaluation of the final product, were used to explain the nanodiamond formation-mechanisms during the detonation process4171819. Remarkable works on the subject of nanodiamond formation accomplished by Titov and co-workers based on in-situ measurements using synchrotron radiation31620 have investigated the detonation process.…”

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confidence: 99%

Understanding ultrafine nanodiamond formation using nanostructured explosives

Pichot

Risse

Schnell

et al. 2013

Sci Rep

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The detonation process is able to build new materials with a bottom-up approach. Diamond, the hardest material on earth, can be synthesized in this way. This unconventional synthesis route is possible due to the presence of carbon inside the high-explosive molecules: firing high-explosive mixtures with a negative oxygen balance in a non-oxidative environment leads to the formation of nanodiamond particles. Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexogen (RDX) are the explosives primarily used to synthesize nanodiamonds. Here we show that the use of nanostructured explosive charges leads to the formation of smaller detonation nanodiamonds, and it also provides new understanding of nanodiamond formation-mechanisms. The discontinuity of the explosive at the nanoscale level plays the key role in modifying the diamond particle size, and therefore varying the size with microstructured charges is impossible.

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“…Authors of work 13 suggested that the pecularities of the solid carbon produced by BTF are the consequence of high detonation temperature which may correspond to the liquid state at the phase diagram of carbon 14 , 15 . According to work 16 , large particles are formed owing to the absence of hydrogen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Conductivity Distribution in Detonating Benzotrifuroxane

Satonkina

Ершов

Kashkarov

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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Electrical conductivity profile behind the detonation front in the benzotrifuroxane (BTF) was measured using high-resolution technique. BTF is a peculiar high explosive which is completely hydrogen-free: its molecular formula is C6N6O6. Results are compared with the conductivity distributions in detonating hexogen (RDX, C3H6N6O6) and triaminotrinitrobenzene based explosive (TATB, C6H6N6O6). The conductivity in BTF was found to be similar to that observed in the common explosives which contain hydrogen. Thus, the contribution of hydrogen (e.g., ions produced by the dissociation of water) in the conductivity is minor, both in the reaction zone and in the final detonation products. The characteristics of the conductivity profiles generally support the idea of contact conductivity through the connected structures of carbon particles formed in the detonation wave.

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Formation of diamond from the liquid phase of carbon

Cited by 24 publications

References 5 publications

Detonation synthesis of carbon nano-onions via liquid carbon condensation

Detonation synthesis of carbon nano-onions via liquid carbon condensation

Understanding ultrafine nanodiamond formation using nanostructured explosives

Electrical Conductivity Distribution in Detonating Benzotrifuroxane

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