Formation of carbon and related materials in diffusion flames

Arthur, J. R.; Napier, D.H.

doi:10.1016/s0082-0784(55)80041-0

Cited by 31 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The soot collected from IDFs is tar-like and has a high hydrogen content [22,23], and it has been found to be similar in chemical composition and morphology to soot collected from underventilated NDFs [24]. FT-IR and 1 H NMR spectroscopy of soot collected in an ethylene IDF show that low in the flame the soluble fraction of soot has an aliphatic chemical structure, which becomes progressively more aromatic at increasing height above the burner [25].…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…FT-IR and 1 H NMR spectroscopy of soot collected in an ethylene IDF show that low in the flame the soluble fraction of soot has an aliphatic chemical structure, which becomes progressively more aromatic at increasing height above the burner [25]. In addition, because IDF soot cools rapidly in the low temperature fuel stream and never passes through an oxidizing region, early soot inception and growth processes are isolated more in IDFs than in NDFs, allowing a systematic study of the early stages of soot formation [8,16,21,22]. Therefore, IDFs may provide useful insights into soot inception and growth and may be used as a tool to study soot formation in underventilated fires.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Structure of laminar sooting inverse diffusion flames

Mikofski

Williams

Shaddix

et al. 2007

Combustion and Flame

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confidence: 93%

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confidence: 99%

Structure of laminar sooting inverse diffusion flames

Mikofski

Williams

Shaddix

et al. 2007

Combustion and Flame

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“…In the NDF, the fuel is introduced through the central tube of the burner while the oxidizer is introduced in an annular ring. An alternate approach is the inverse diffusion flame (IDF), which is basically obtained by inverting the air and fuel positions relative to a NDF configuration; that is, the oxidizer goes through the central tube and the fuel is in the annular space [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the first studies related to this type of configuration was published in 1955 by Arthur and Napier, who pointed out that the soot produced in an IDF was stickier and more viscous than the soot produced in a NDF [32]. However, it was only in 2002 that Blevins et al confirmed that the soot generated in an IDF is chemically and morphologically similar to the young soot found in a U-NDF, with the characteristic that it is 50% soluble in dichloromethane, allowing direct chemical analysis [22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FT-IR and 1H NMR characterization of the products of an ethylene inverse diffusion flame

Santamarı́a

Mondragón

Molina

et al. 2006

Combustion and Flame

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Knowledge of the chemical structure of young soot and its precursors is very useful in the understanding of the paths leading to soot particle inception. This paper presents analyses of the chemical functional groups, based on FT-IR and 1 H NMR spectroscopy of the products obtained in an ethylene inverse diffusion flame. The trends in the data indicate that the soluble fraction of the soot becomes progressively more aromatic and less aliphatic as the height above the burner increases. Results from 1 H NMR spectra of the chloroform-soluble soot samples taken at different heights above the burner corroborate the infrared results based on proton chemical shifts (Ha, Hα, Hβ, and Hγ ). The results indicate that the aliphatic β and γ hydrogens suffered the most drastic reduction, while the aromatic character increased considerably with height, particularly in the first half of the flame.

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“…Consequently, the addition of CO may have complex effect on soot formation. Arthur and Napier [9] noted that the addition of CO had a weakly suppressive effect on soot formation in methane flames, but did not * Corresponding author. Fax: +1 613 957 7869.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the effect of carbon monoxide addition on soot formation in a laminar ethylene/air coflow diffusion flame

Guo

Thomson

Smallwood

2009

Combustion and Flame

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The effect of carbon monoxide addition on soot formation in an ethylene/air diffusion flame is investigated by experiment and detailed numerical simulation. The paper focuses on the chemical effect of carbon monoxide addition by comparing the results of carbon monoxide and nitrogen diluted flames. Both experiment and simulation show that although overall the addition of carbon monoxide monotonically reduces the formation of soot, the chemical effect promotes the formation of soot in an ethylene/air diffusion flame. The further analysis of the details of the numerical result suggests that the chemical effect of carbon monoxide addition may be caused by the modifications to the flame temperature, soot surface growth and oxidation reactions. Flame temperature increases relative to a nitrogen diluted flame, which results in a higher surface growth rate, when carbon monoxide is added. Furthermore, the addition of carbon monoxide increases the concentration of H radical owing to the intensified forward rate of the reaction CO + OH = CO 2 + H and therefore increases the surface growth reaction rates. The addition of carbon monoxide also slows the oxidation rate of soot because the same reaction CO + OH = CO 2 + H results in a lower concentration of OH.Crown

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Formation of carbon and related materials in diffusion flames

Cited by 31 publications

References 14 publications

Structure of laminar sooting inverse diffusion flames

Structure of laminar sooting inverse diffusion flames

FT-IR and 1H NMR characterization of the products of an ethylene inverse diffusion flame

On the effect of carbon monoxide addition on soot formation in a laminar ethylene/air coflow diffusion flame

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