Formation and stability of carbon nanotube network in natural rubber: Effect of non-rubber components

Le, H. H.; Pham, Tung; Henning, Sven; Klehm, Jessica; Wießner, Sven; Stöckelhuber, Klaus Werner; Das, Amit; Hoang, XuanTung; Do, Q.K.; Wu, Mian; Vennemann, Norbert; Heinrich, Gert; Radusch, Hans‐Joachim

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2015.07.044

Cited by 28 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…In addition, the bound layer thickness was determined by immersing the samples in toluene for 7 days, renewing the toluene every 24 h. Then, the samples were filtered, weighed, dried at 105°C for at least 24 h, 12, No.10 (2018) [867][868][869][870][871][872][873][874][875][876][877][878][879][880][881][882][883][884] and weighed again. The bound layer thickness (δ) was calculated from Equation (5) [13]: (5) where m 1 is mass of the rubber compound before extracting, m 2 is mass of the rubber-filler gel consisting of non-dissolving bound rubber and filler. Parameters C f and S f are the mass concentration and the specific surface area of filler in the composites, respectively, and ρ R refers to the density of the rubber matrix.…”

Section: Bound Rubber Content and Bound Rubbermentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) on properties of carbon nanotubes and conductive carbon black hybrid filler filled natural rubber nanocomposites

Nakaramontri¹,

Kummerloewe²,

Vennemann³

et al. 2018

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. Natural rubber (NR) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) vulcanizates reinforced by carbon nanotubes (CNT), conductive carbon black (CCB) and CNT/CCB hybrid filler without and with bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT) silane coupling agent were prepared using an internal mixer and a two-roll mill. Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was used to determine chemical interactions among rubber molecules, filler surfaces and silane molecules. In addition, the filler-filler interaction in NR and ENR matrices were assessed from wetting ability and Payne effect. Furthermore, the coupling by TESPT of filler surfaces and rubber molecules was clarified by temperature stress scanning relaxation (TSSR) technique. It was found that the rubber bound by physical absorption decreased with addition of TESPT, while the chemically bound amount significantly increased. This correlates well with estimates of physically and chemically bound rubber from swelling method and morphological properties. It was also found that the optimal electrical conductivity, percolation threshold concentration and dielectric constant of the composites were effectively improved by addition of TESPT. The improvement was confirmed by ANOVA. This indicates a great opportunity to manufacture smart materials with superior conductivity and dielectric constant, together with optimal scorch time, cure time and crosslinking properties.

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Section: Bound Rubber Content and Bound Rubbermentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) on properties of carbon nanotubes and conductive carbon black hybrid filler filled natural rubber nanocomposites

Nakaramontri¹,

Kummerloewe²,

Vennemann³

et al. 2018

Express Polym. Lett.

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“…To improve dispersibility and compatibility of the fillers in the rubber matrix, the important characteristics to manipulate are surface energy, interfacial tension, and the work of adhesion between the fillers and the rubber matrix, these can be estimated from contact angle measurements of the various components. Recently, the surface energy of CNT interface with rubber matrix was used to evaluate the adhesion energy in rubber composites . It is noted that the change in potential energy can be estimated from the total change in adhesion energy in the agglomeration process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, higher adhesion energy caused stronger filler flocculation. It was found that NR/CNT shows higher adhesion energy than that in a composite with isoprene rubber (IR)/CNT . This might cause higher tendency for flocculation of CNTs in NR than in IR .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical, thermal, morphological, and curing properties of geopolymer filled natural rubber composites

Yangthong

Pichaiyut

Jumrat

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The main objective of this work was to investigate influence of natural rubber (NR) types on mechanical, thermal, morphological, and curing properties together with relaxation behavior of geopolymer filled NR composites with and without bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) silane coupling agent. Three alternative types of NR: unmodified NR, and epoxidized NR with 25 (ENR-25) or 50 mol % epoxide (ENR-50) were exploited. Rubber compounds filled with GP particles were prepared in an internal mixer at 60 C and 130-150 C for the ones with and without TESPT, respectively. It was found that incorporation of GP significantly affected cure characteristics and mechanical properties of the rubber composites. That is, decreasing cure time was observed from 11.6, 3.2, and 7.0 min in gum NR, ENR-25, and ENR-50 to 6.9, 2.1, and 5.0 min in NR/GP, ENR-25/GP, and ENR-50/GP compounds, respectively. Furthermore, the ENR-25/GP and ENR-50/GP composites showed finely dispersed GP particles which indicate high fillerrubber interactions. The in situ silanization with TESPT in rubber composites enhanced the mechanical properties of NR/GP and ENR-25/GP composites but no such enhancement was found in the ENR-50/GP composite. This matched the observations of Payne effect, maximum tan δ, and stress relaxation properties of the composites. We found that the ENR-25/GP composites exhibited the best overall properties.

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“…However, the chemical interactions of polar functional groups in the ENR with the polar groups on filler surfaces also improved filler dispersion. This restricted filler movement in the rubber composites after compounding, which encouraged the depletion forces of thermodynamic theory . Therefore, CCB and CNT agglomeration might more easily occur in IR vulcanizates than in ENR vulcanizates, resulting in stronger Payne effect.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron tunneling in carbon nanotubes and carbon black hybrid filler‐filled natural rubber composites: Influence of non‐rubber components

et al. 2018

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Filled natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates with various carbon based fillers, namely carbon nanotubes (CNTs), conductive carbon black (CCB) and CNT/CCB hybrid filler, were prepared with different types of rubber, namely epoxidized natural ruber (ENR), deproteinized NR (DPNR), and isoprene rubber (IR). The main aim was to examine the effects of polarity and non‐rubber components in rubbers on electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of the rubber composites. It was found that the phospholipids in NR molecules play an important role in controlling content of bound rubber and its layer thickness. This might be attributed to the cation‐π interactions of the phospholipid moieties with CNT and CCB sidewalls. Thus, the bound rubber layers in ENR and IR vulcanizates are very thin due to low phospholipid content in ENR and the absence of non‐rubber constituents in IR. On the other hand, thicker bound layers were observed in the filled NR and DPNR vulcanizates owing to their similar high phospholipids contents. Therefore, ENR and IR composites exhibited very low percolation threshold concentration due to the thin layer of electrically insulating bound rubber. Furthermore, analysis of variance indicated that addition of CCB into the CNT composites significantly improved the percolation, optimal conductivity and dielectric properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E1237–E1250, 2018. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Formation and stability of carbon nanotube network in natural rubber: Effect of non-rubber components

Cited by 28 publications

References 38 publications

Effect of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) on properties of carbon nanotubes and conductive carbon black hybrid filler filled natural rubber nanocomposites

Effect of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) on properties of carbon nanotubes and conductive carbon black hybrid filler filled natural rubber nanocomposites

Mechanical, thermal, morphological, and curing properties of geopolymer filled natural rubber composites

Electron tunneling in carbon nanotubes and carbon black hybrid filler‐filled natural rubber composites: Influence of non‐rubber components

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