Forgiveness and Revenge: Empirical Study of Malaysian Business Employees

Abstract

Building on a previous work by Bradfield and Aquino (1999), this study examines factors influencing forgiveness and revenge cognition and behaviors among Malaysian executives. A questionnaire survey method was undertaken. Respondents were selected by using convenience sampling method from four Malaysian organizations. The findings from this study suggested that 1) that the contemplation of revenge or forgiveness is positively related to their behavioural equivalents: (2) that power asymmetries between the offender and the victim in a corporation has an influence on the forgiveness or revenge behaviour; (3) that revenge cognitions and behaviour in a corporation are influenced by the offence severity: and (4) that religion (especially), gender, and ethnic have asignificant influence to forgiveness cognitions and behaviours.

Relations between Perceptions of Parental Acceptance-Rejection, Forgiveness, Vengeance, and Psychological Adjustment in Kuwaiti Youth and Adults

“…(Bueno Guerra, 2012). According to Ismail, Mohideen, & Togok (2009) revenge is an action in response to some perceived harm or wrongdoing by another party that is intend to inflict damage, injury, discomfort, or punishment on the party judged responsible.…”

“…As for the relation between religion and forgiveness, Ismail, et al, (2009) investigated forgiveness cognitions and behaviors in samples of Malaysian Muslim, Christian and Buddhist employees . Results showed that Muslims demonstrated higher correlation between forgiveness cognitions and behaviors followed by Christians.…”

“…Results indicated that individuals with high jealousy scores reported higher ratings on the Vengeance Scale, and individuals with high forgiveness scores reported significantly lower ratings on the vengeance scale. Ismail et al, (2009) examined factors influencing forgiveness and revenge cognition and behaviors among Malaysian executives. Results showed that 1.…”

“…Another recent study (Tokas, 2019) found a low correlation between forgiveness and psychological resilience among Turkish sports students. In general, the majority of the previous studies showed significant positive correlations between forgiveness and the Big-Five factors of personality (El-Bahas, 2009;Mansour, 2009;Al-Husainy, 2013;Alshehri, 2015); selfesteem (Amin, 2013;Al-Shafey, 2015); locus of control (Bugay, 2010); happiness (Joodat & Zarhakhash, 2015;El-Bahas, 2009); quality of life (Alshehri, 2015); resilience (Kumar & Dixit, 2014;Tokas, 2019); well-being and emotional well-being (Karremans et al, 2003;Krause & Ellison, 2005;Malone et al, 2011); empathy, apology, and altruism (Mansour, 2011;McCullough et al, 1996); gratitude and forgiveness training (Friedman & Toussaint, 2006;Ariciogolu, 2016;Kumar & Dixit, 2014;Satici, Uaysal, & Akin, 2014;Safaria et al, 2017;Rana & Nandine, 2013); perfectionism (Mistler, 2010;Bugay, 2010;Camadan & Yazici, 2017); conciliatory behavior (Bugay, 2010); religiosity and life satisfaction (Ayton & Ferhan, 2016;Ismail et al, , 2009;Mansour, 2009;Aricioglu, 2016;Kaleta & Mr'oz, 2018); ego flexibility (Mufarraji & Alsheheri, 2015); parental love, positivity and positive social behavior (Adam Kurduz & Saicam, 2018;Al-Husainy, 2013); self-compassion and rumination…”

Comprometimento calculativo e retaliação: visão integrada dos conceitos em uma organização pública

“…Quando o poder da pessoa que se percebe objeto de injustiça é menor que o da fonte que ela percebe como geradora da injustiça, a ação de retaliação tende a ser mais indireta, como comportamentos antissociais, de resistência ou de indiferença. (ISMAL;MOHIDEEN;TOGOK, 2009).…”