Forgetting functions

White, K. Geoffrey

doi:10.3758/bf03192887

Cited by 115 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…It is also susceptible to response bias. Thus, it is not an appropriate measure for the purpose of fitting mathematical functions to the data (White, 2001). Subsequent analyses therefore used log d, an unbiased measure of discriminability that is based on Luce's (1963) choice theory and is linearly related to d¢ of signal detection theory (MacMillan & Creelman, 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of methylphenidate on working memory in pigeons

Wright

White

2003

Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience

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To assess the effects of methylphenidate on working memory, pigeons were trained in a delayed matching-to-sample task. Delay interval duration (0.2, 1, 3, 6, or 12 sec) was varied within sessions in order to separate delay-dependent from delay-independent effects of the drug on performance. A reduction in the sample response requirement from five responses to one response effectively reduced attention to the stimulus and impaired overall accuracy. Methylphenidate was administered in doses of 0.0 (saline control), 0.25, 2.5, and 10 mg/kg. Relative to performance with saline, accuracy was significantly reduced with 10 mg/kg methylphenidate to the same extent in both fixed ratio (FR) 1 and FR 5 conditions. The smaller doses had no effect, and there was no evidence that accuracy improved with drug administration. Intercepts and slopes of exponential functions fitted to measures of discriminability plotted as a function of delay showed that methylphenidate affected delay-independent aspects of performance (initial discriminability), but not delay-dependent aspects (rate of forgetting).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of methylphenidate on working memory in pigeons

Wright

White

2003

Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience

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“…Stated differently, as sample memory decreases with increasing delay, pigeons should choose comparisons on the basis of the relative probability with which they had been reinforced in training (McCarthy andDavison, 1980, 1991;White and Wixted, 1999). In support of this hypothesis, White (2001) has shown that when the conditional probability of reinforcement is varied as a function of the delay, pigeons are sensitive to this change. Similarly, Fantino (1995, 1996) have shown that humans are sensitive to manipulation of the probability of reinforcement for comparison choice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Matching-to-sample by pigeons: The dissociation of comparison choice frequency from the probability of reinforcement

Zentall¹,

Singer²,

Miller³

2008

Behavioural Processes

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It has been proposed that comparison choice in matching-to-sample should depend on two factors, the relative probability of reinforcement associated with each of the comparison stimuli and the conditional probability of each comparison stimulus being correct given presentation of one of the samples. DiGian and Zentall (in press) have shown that sample frequency together with the probability of choosing each of the comparison stimuli in training can influence comparison choice when delays are introduced, when the number of reinforcements associated with each of the comparison stimuli is equated. Furthermore, Clement and Zentall (2002) have found that sample frequency can affect comparison choice when delays are introduced independently of the number of choices of each of the comparison stimuli in training and the number of reinforcements associated with each of the comparison stimuli is equated. In the present experiment we found that the probability of choosing each of the comparison stimuli in training can affect comparison choice when delays are introduced, independently of sample frequency and when the number of reinforcements associated with each of the comparison stimuli is equated. Together, these experiments suggest that when the sample is not available, there is a partial dissociation between comparison choice and the probability of reinforcement associated with each of the comparison stimuli.

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“…Negative exponential functions in the square root of time (White, 2001) were fitted to the data in Figure 1 using y a e b t .…”

Section: Discriminabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The added element of delay creates a memorial requirement in addition to the discrimination required in the basic matching task. In the DMTS task, accuracy generally decreases as the retention interval increases (White, 1985(White, , 2001White & Wixted, 1999;Wixted, 1989). Thus, the difficulty of the DMTS task is related to the length of the retention interval.…”

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confidence: 99%