Forecasting rice latitude adaptation through a daylength-sensing-based environment adaptation simulator

A Daylength Recognition Model of Photoperiodic Flowering

“…In the Japanese scientist Itoh et al (2010) cleverly used the expression levels of the florigen gene to analyze the critical daylength threshold of rice to replace the flowering ratio. Recently, we followed a similar method to confirm that some soybean varieties can recognize critical daylength thresholds ( Qiu et al, 2021 ). Here, we further explored critical daylength sensing to simulate flowering time in soybean sown at different times.…”

“…Obviously, the sensing of the critical daylength is not entirely beneficial to the production and application in soybean. Interestingly, mutations in the photoperiod gene Grain number, plant height, and heading date 7 ( Ghd7 ) in rice can transform critical daylength sensing to gradual daylength sensing ( Qiu et al, 2021 ). This strategy may be conducive to staggered sowing and harvesting for rice production.…”

“…DTH7 [also named Ghd7.1 and PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 37 ( OsPRR37 )] encodes a pseudo-response regulator protein that delays flowering by repressing Hd3a expression under LD conditions ( Koo et al, 2013 ; Liu et al, 2013 ; Gao et al, 2014 ). Currently, we demonstrated that different combinations of rice photoperiod-related genes in rice varieties directly determine their latitude distribution according to changes in daylength sensing ( Qiu et al, 2021 ). The allelic combinations at Ghd7 , Hd1 , and DTH8 play an essential role in the regulation of rice daylength sensing but also control rice distribution at different latitudes ( Qiu et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Currently, we demonstrated that different combinations of rice photoperiod-related genes in rice varieties directly determine their latitude distribution according to changes in daylength sensing ( Qiu et al, 2021 ). The allelic combinations at Ghd7 , Hd1 , and DTH8 play an essential role in the regulation of rice daylength sensing but also control rice distribution at different latitudes ( Qiu et al, 2021 ). Thus, we speculated that the differences between the origins of crops and their current planting areas indicate that crops often experience changes in daylength sensing during domestication, which may include a series of polymorphisms in photoperiod genes.…”

“…Florigen gene expression data were collected from rice seedlings exposed to the various daylengths, which can then be used to determine the daylength sensing process of different rice cultivars. Variation in the core photoperiod genes DTH8 , Hd1 , Ghd7 , and DTH7 can modulate daylength sensing in rice ( Qiu et al, 2021 ). Indeed, DTH8Hd1Ghd7DTH7 can sense the original critical daylength threshold but often do not exhibit wide adaptability in breeding.…”