Forecasting and monitoring a subglacial eruption in Iceland

Vogfjörd, K. S.; Jakobsdóttir, Steinunn S.; Guðmundsson, Gunnar B.; Roberts, Matthew J.; Ágústsson, Kristján; Arason, Þ.; Geirsson, H.; Karlsdóttir, Sigrún N.; Hjaltadóttir, Sigurlaug; Ólafsdóttir, U.; Þorbjarnardóttir, Bergþóra S.; Hafsteinsson, Guðmundur; Sveinbjörnsson, Hjörleifur; Stefánsson, Ragnar; Jónsson, Thórdur

doi:10.1029/2005eo260001

Cited by 47 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In addition to their advisory role with DCPEM, IMO is tasked with monitoring, forecasting and disseminating natural hazard warnings to aviation service providers and the public (Karlsdóttir et al 2010;Vogfjörd et al 2005). During the Eyjafjallajökull eruption: hydrological sensors were used to monitor river runoff in terms of chemical composition and jökulhlaup risk; meteorological sensors and visual observations were used to assess lightning hazards, behaviour of the eruption cloud and localised ash fall; and, seismic, strain and GPS sensors were used to assess the geophysical components (Gudmundsson et al 2010;Karlsdóttir et al 2010).…”

Section: Civil Protection and Emergency Management In Icelandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crisis Coordination and Communication During the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull Eruption

Bird

Jóhannesdóttir²,

Reynisson³

et al. 2017

Advances in Volcanology

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Eyjafjallajökull became Iceland's most infamous volcano in 2010 when the ash cloud from its summit eruption caused unprecedented disruption to the international aviation industry and considerable challenges to local farming communities and villages. The summit eruption, which began on 14 April 2010, was preceded by a 24-day long effusive flank eruption that produced spectacular fire-fountain activity and lava flows. The 39-day long summit eruption, however, was far more explosive and resulted in medium-sized jökulhlaups to the north, small jökulhlaups and lahars to the south and considerable ash fall to the east and east-southeast of the volcano. As in other crises in Iceland, the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management (DCPEM) coordinated efforts and facilitated crisis communication, while collaborating with the Icelandic Meteorological Office, the Institute of Earth Sciences at the University of Iceland and the National Crisis Coordination Centre. The DCPEM's role included providing information to the government and its various agencies and feeding information from scientists to local police officials, civil protection committees and the public. Communication with local residents took place through agencies' websites, the national media and frequent open town hall meetings where representatives of institutions responsible for eruption monitoring, health, safety and livestock handling provided advice. These face-to-face meetings with local residents were critical as ash fall had not affected these areas for over 60 years and plans for dealing with this hazard were not established. This chapter explores these events and in doing so, provides a narrative of crisis coordination and communication in Iceland. The narrative is based on multiple sources, including an analysis of community perspectives of the emergency response and their use and views of the various forms of communication platforms. The chapter also considers the eruptions' impacts at the local level. This exploration reveals that the trust developed through close communication between all involved prior to and during the eruption increased the effectiveness of crisis communication. The experience gained from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption is important for volcanic crisis communication at a local and international level. While the immediate evacuation plans were effective, the ash fall problems illustrated the need for necessary precautions and broadly defined preparedness strategies.

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Section: Civil Protection and Emergency Management In Icelandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crisis Coordination and Communication During the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull Eruption

Bird

Jóhannesdóttir²,

Reynisson³

et al. 2017

Advances in Volcanology

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“…Each scan is made four times an hour. Previously, the radar has been successfully used for monitoring six volcanic eruptions in Iceland (Larsen et al, 1992;Lacasse et al, 2004;Vogfjörd et al, 2005;Oddsson, 2007;Arason et al, 2011;Petersen et al, 2012). Radars have also been used to monitor eruptions in the US and Italy (Harris and Rose, 1983;Rose et al, 1995;Gouhier and Donnadieu, 2008).…”

Section: The Keflavík Radarmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously it has erupted twice in the last 15 yr, in December 1998 and November 2004 (Vogfjörd et al, 2005), and has during the past centuries had a frequency close to one eruption per decade. As the volcano is located beneath Vatnajökull icecap, the eruptions are always explosive, with ash and other volcanic material being ejected into the atmosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two weather radar time series of the altitude of the volcanic plume during the May 2011 eruption of Grímsvötn, Iceland

Petersen

Björnsson

Arason

et al. 2012

Earth Syst. Sci. Data

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Abstract. The eruption of Grímsvötn volcano in Iceland in 2011 lasted for a week, 21-28 May. The eruption was explosive and peaked during the first hours, with the eruption plume reaching 20-25 km altitude. The height of the plume was monitored every 5 min with a C-band weather radar located at Keflavík International Airport and a mobile X-band radar, 257 km and 75 km distance from the volcano respectively. In addition, photographs taken during the first half-hour of the eruption give information regarding the initial rise. Time series of the plume-top altitude were constructed from the radar observations. This paper presents the two independent radar time series. The series have been cross validated and there is a good agreement between them. The echo top radar series of the altitude of the volcanic plume are publicly available from the Pangaea Data Publisher (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.778390).

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“…Inflation of the volcano began immediately after the 1998 eruption and was monitored by GPS measurements on the caldera rim. Seismic activity began increasing in July 2003 and by September 2004 the inflation level of the volcano had reached the 1998 pre-eruption level (Vogfjörd et al, 2005;Sturkell et al, 2006). It became public knowledge that a Grímsvötn eruption was imminent.…”

Section: Grímsvötnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-Term Seismic Precursors to Icelandic Eruptions 1973–2014

Einarsson

2018

Front. Earth Sci.

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Forecasting and monitoring a subglacial eruption in Iceland

Cited by 47 publications

References 5 publications

Crisis Coordination and Communication During the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull Eruption

Crisis Coordination and Communication During the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull Eruption

Two weather radar time series of the altitude of the volcanic plume during the May 2011 eruption of Grímsvötn, Iceland

Short-Term Seismic Precursors to Icelandic Eruptions 1973–2014

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