Forearm skin aging: characterization by instrumental measurements

Abstract

Meaningful differences in the biophysical characteristics of the extensor and flexor faces of the forearms were detected. Because the non-invasive instrumental measurements correlated with clinical findings, they may represent useful tools to assess efficacy and safety of skin ageing treatments in clinical research.

Instrumental diagnosis of facial skin—A necessity or a pretreatment recommendation in esthetic medicine

“…The Corneometer measures the water content in the stratum corneum, while the DermaScan-C analyzes the skin's morphology by assessing such quantitative parameters as thickness or permeability to ultrasound. 19 However, no publications are available that show the condition of the skin before the start of esthetic medicine treatments in various age groups; hence, the results of the present research make a certain contribution to expanding this area of knowledge.…”

<p>The Interaction of Age and Anatomical Region Influenced Skin Biophysical Characteristics of Chinese Women</p>

“…All these external factors accelerate the ageing signs of the skin, especially the ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced photoageing. 2 With the rapid development of technologies, a large number of non-invasive instruments are available to evaluate the cutaneous physiological properties, and the most commonly used parameters consist of stratum corneum (SC) hydration, transdermal water loss (TWEL), sebum content, melanin index (MI), erythema index (EI), L*a*b* skin color system and skin surface pH values. 3 Many studies have reported that these skin biophysical parameters changed according to age, gender, anatomical regions and seasons in different ethnic populations.…”

High‐frequency ultrasound as a scientific tool for skin imaging analysis

“…For technique application, more adequate body regions were the forearms and extremities, such as the hands and fingers 4,9,31,36,41–46 . In particular, the forearm region has been a promising region for the development of studies for cosmetic assessments 47 .…”

“…In cosmetic efficacy studies, participants with multiple actinic keratoses or other inflammatory conditions (eczema, psoriasis) should be avoided, as these conditions could affect ultrasound imaging 12,31 . Typically, between 20 and 100 participants are recruited for studies using HFUS, but the number depends on the objective and the number of variables 4,9,12,31,36,43–46,48–51 . When a study design involves more than one analysis technique, special attention must be paid to the sequence of tests to ensure that the conductive gel does not interfere with other measures 44 …”

“…Quantitative assessment of the total dermal thickness 6,38,39,45,55–61 or of the layers of the dermis, 4,31–33,35,40,42–44,48,51,62–64 epidermis, appendages 65 or subcutaneous tissue 48 is widely discussed in the literature.…”