Force transmission during adhesion-independent migration

Bergert, Martin; Erzberger, Anna; Desai, Ravi A.; Aspalter, Irene M.; Oates, Andrew C.; Charras, Guillaume; Salbreux, Guillaume; Paluch, Ewa K.

doi:10.1038/ncb3134

Cited by 299 publications

(421 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…This type of cell migration works without classical cell-substrate adhesion-in fact, cells seem to be able to switch between the adhesion-dependent and blebbing-based motility by altering actin polymerization rate [116]. Instead of contraction of the substrate as observed during adhesion-dependent migration, the substrate is expanded during blebbing-based motility [117]. This can lead to surprisingly fast polarized movement if blebbing is maintained by a positive feedback between contractility and cortical flow [18].…”

Section: Blebbing and Migrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytoskeletal Symmetry Breaking and Chirality: From Reconstituted Systems to Animal Development

Pohl

2015

Symmetry

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Animal development relies on repeated symmetry breaking, e.g., during axial specification, gastrulation, nervous system lateralization, lumen formation, or organ coiling. It is crucial that asymmetry increases during these processes, since this will generate higher morphological and functional specialization. On one hand, cue-dependent symmetry breaking is used during these processes which is the consequence of developmental signaling. On the other hand, cells isolated from developing animals also undergo symmetry breaking in the absence of signaling cues. These spontaneously arising asymmetries are not well understood. However, an ever growing body of evidence suggests that these asymmetries can originate from spontaneous symmetry breaking and self-organization of molecular assemblies into polarized entities on mesoscopic scales. Recent discoveries will be highlighted and it will be discussed how actomyosin and microtubule networks serve as common biomechanical systems with inherent abilities to drive spontaneous symmetry breaking.

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Section: Blebbing and Migrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytoskeletal Symmetry Breaking and Chirality: From Reconstituted Systems to Animal Development

Pohl

2015

Symmetry

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“…Non-adherent confining substrates, which can be created by microchannels (Bergert et al, 2015) or with a double layer of inert hydrogel Liu et al, 2015), have been shown to induce a myosin-II-dependent switch to an amoeboid migration mode that involves the formation of a stable, bleb-like and actin-depleted protrusion at the cell front (Bergert et al, 2015;Liu et al, 2015;Ruprecht et al, 2015). These studies have also determined that the driving force for this amoeboid migration mode is due to a reverse actin flow mediated by nonspecific friction between the cell and its substrate.…”

Section: Cell Migrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

How cells respond to environmental cues – insights from bio-functionalized substrates

Ruprecht

Monzo

Ravasio

et al. 2016

Journal of Cell Science

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Biomimetic materials have long been the (he)art of bioengineering. They usually aim at mimicking in vivo conditions to allow in vitro culture, differentiation and expansion of cells. The past decade has witnessed a considerable amount of progress in soft lithography, bioinspired micro-fabrication and biochemistry, allowing the design of sophisticated and physiologically relevant micro-and nanoenvironments. These systems now provide an exquisite toolbox with which we can control a large set of physicochemical environmental parameters that determine cell behavior. Biofunctionalized surfaces have evolved from simple protein-coated solid surfaces or cellular extracts into nano-textured 3D surfaces with controlled rheological and topographical properties. The mechanobiological molecular processes by which cells interact and sense their environment can now be unambiguously understood down to the single-molecule level. This Commentary highlights recent successful examples where bio-functionalized substrates have contributed in raising and answering new questions in the area of extracellular matrix sensing by cells, cell-cell adhesion and cell migration. The use, the availability, the impact and the challenges of such approaches in the field of biology are discussed.

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“…Down-regulation of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and up-regulation of physical confinement induce the formation of large polarized blebs in cancer cells. [10][11][12] This bleb-based migration is the faster mode of migration as compared to the migration using lammellipodia and filopodiaThe blebbing-associated cell migration is not only observed in cancer cells, but also under physiological conditions. For example, primordial germ cells (PGCs) migrate with forming membrane blebs in zebrafish 13 and Drosophila melanogaster embryos.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Membrane bleb: A seesaw game of two small GTPases

Ikenouchi

Aoki

2016

Small GTPases

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The plasma membrane is generally associated with underling actin cytoskeleton. When the plasma membrane detaches from actin filaments, it is expanded by the intracellular pressure and the spherical membrane protrusion which lacks underlying actin cortex, termed bleb, is formed. Bleb is widely used for migration across species; however, the molecular mechanism underlying membrane blebbing remains largely unknown. Our recent study revealed that 2 small GTPases, Rnd3 and RhoA, are important regulators of membrane blebbing. In the expanding blebs, Rnd3 is recruited to the plasma membrane and inhibits RhoA activity by activating RhoGAP. On the other hand, RhoA is activated at the retracting membrane and removes Rnd3 from plasma membrane by the activity of ROCK (Rho-associated protein kinase). ROCK is also important for the rapid reassembly of actin cortex and retraction of membrane blebs by activating Ezrin. We propose that a Rnd3 and RhoA cycle underlies the core machinery of continuous membrane blebbing. The plasma membrane is generally associated with underling actin cytoskeleton. The interaction between plasma membrane and actin cytoskeleton is mediated by some anchor proteins such as ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) family proteins. When the plasma membrane detaches from actin filaments, spherical membrane protrusion is formed by the intracellular pressure. [1][2][3] This membrane protrusion termed bleb is observed during cytokinesis 4 and cell migration. 5 Some cancer cells use membrane blebbing as a mode of motility during metastasis. 6 When cancer cells are cultured on rigid substrates, cells move with forming actin-rich plasma membrane protrusions, such as lammellipodia and filopodia. On the other hand, cells migrate by forming membrane blebs when embedded in the 3D extracellular matrix such as collagen gels. [7][8][9] Recently, several groups reported that cancer cells start to use membrane blebbing-associated cell migration in response to the physical changes of extracellular conditions. Down-regulation of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and up-regulation of physical confinement induce the formation of large polarized blebs in cancer cells. [10][11][12] This bleb-based migration is the faster mode of migration as compared to the migration using lammellipodia and filopodiaThe blebbing-associated cell migration is not only observed in cancer cells, but also under physiological conditions. For example, primordial germ cells (PGCs) migrate with forming membrane blebs in zebrafish 13 and Drosophila melanogaster embryos. 14 Dictyostelium also use membrane blebbing for migration during chemotaxis. 15 Thus, membrane blebbing is widely used for migration across species. The regulation of actin cytoskeleton during membrane blebbingThe process of expansion and retraction of blebs is largely depends on actin cytoskeleton organized underneath plasma membrane. Bleb forms when plasma membrane is detached from actin cytoskeleton. This is caused by the local increase of intracellular pressure or by the local ru...

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Force transmission during adhesion-independent migration

Cited by 299 publications

References 40 publications

Cytoskeletal Symmetry Breaking and Chirality: From Reconstituted Systems to Animal Development

Cytoskeletal Symmetry Breaking and Chirality: From Reconstituted Systems to Animal Development

How cells respond to environmental cues – insights from bio-functionalized substrates

Membrane bleb: A seesaw game of two small GTPases

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