Football does not improve mental health: a systematic review on football and mental health disorders

Heun, Reinhard; Pringle, Alan

doi:10.2478/gp-2018-0001

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…We found out that both professional and non-professional athletes do not differ in the symptoms of psychological distress that they reported. This result has been confirmed in a study that sought to investigate the effect of soccer on mental health (Heun and Pringle, 2018 ). It was concluded that participants in football are not different from the general population in mental health problems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Athletes

Uroh

Adewunmi

2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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This study explored the influence of athletic identity and sports participation on the psychological well-being of athletes during a pandemic. The objective of the study was to understand the psychological impact of the coronavirus lockdown measure on athletes who were not able to carry out their normal daily routine. Athletes from nine different sports completed an online survey during the sixth week of the total lockdown in Nigeria. The online survey consists of an athletic identity scale and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). Data collected were analyzed using Multiple regression and the Mann-Whitney test at 0.05 level of significance. The result of the findings revealed that category of sports (individual and team) (M = 0.73, β = −6.116) and athletic identity (M = 59.16, β = −0.166) predicts psychological distress to some degree. Few individual sports athletes and athletes with low athletic identity are prone to higher levels of psychological distress than team sports athletes and athletes with high athletic identity during the coronavirus pandemic lockdown. Individual sports athletes reported elevated levels of psychological distress compared to team sports athletes (z = −2.186, p = 0.03, r = 0.27). In conclusion, the results have confirmed that some athletes competing in individual sports experience elevated levels of psychological distress during the coronavirus pandemic, therefore they need the support of a sports psychologist during such periods to help in maintaining their psychological well-being.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Athletes

Uroh

Adewunmi

2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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“…

Poor mental health of current and retired athletes is a major concern in sport. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Typically, the incidence/prevalence of mental health symptoms in athletes is studied using symptom-specific questionnaires. For symptoms of anxiety and depression (often comorbid), one such self-reporting questionnaire is the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12).

…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of the larger scoring range compared to the traditional scoring method, the Likert-type scale scoring is potentially more sensitive in detecting changes in psychological well-being over time. [11] While a number of reviews on the mental health of elite athletes are available in the literature, [2][3][4][5] no review currently exists which focuses specifically on anxiety and depression using the GHQ-12. One narrative review provided an overview of the prevalence and risk factors for depression but failed to discuss the tools used to measure depression.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anxiety and depression in athletes assessed using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) - a systematic scoping review

Armino¹,

Gouttebarge²,

Mellalieu³

et al. 2021

S. Afr. j. sports med. (Online)

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Introduction: Poor mental health of athletes is major concern in sport. Typically, incidence/prevalence of mental health symptoms in athletes is studied using symptom-specific questionnaires. For symptoms of depression/anxiety, one such self-reporting questionnaire is the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Objective: The aim of this review was to synthesise and compare studies using the GHQ-12 in athletes to inform future research by identifying trends and gaps in the literature. Methods: A systematic search of five electronic databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, PsychINFO, Scopus and Web of Science) was conducted on all published studies up to 1 January 2019. 1) participants were able-bodied athletes; 2) studies measured anxiety/depression using the GHQ-12; 3) studies were full original articles from peer-reviewed journals; 4) studies were published in English. Results: 32 studies were included in the review. Prevalence and incidence of symptoms of anxiety/depression ranged from 21-48% and 17-57% respectively. The majority of studies screening anxiety/depression using the GHQ-12 were cross-sectional. Almost 70% of studies used the traditional scoring method. The majority of study populations sampled all-male cohorts comprising football (soccer) players. Conclusion: The traditional scoring of 0-0-1-1 should be used with the cut-off set at ≥3. Also, the mean GHQ-12 score should be reported. Potential risk factors for symptoms of anxiety/depression (i.e. recent adverse life events, injury and illness, social support, pressure to perform and career transitioning) and a lack of prospective studies were identified. Future research should also broaden the spectrum of athlete populations used and try to improve response rates.

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“…Non-fans of football showed no such effect and had higher activation levels for the specified brain regions [38]. Heun and Pringle [39] state that playing and watching football games may negatively affect subjective mental health, even though qualitative studies indicate mental health benefits of playing or watching football. Fan dysfunction is positively related to perceptions of the appropriateness of verbal aggression and physical aggression; team identification is unrelated to perceptions of the appropriateness of verbal aggression but negatively related to perceptions of the appropriateness of physical aggression [40].…”

Section: Fans' Social Characteristics and Psychopathological Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing Psychopathological Symptoms in Portuguese Football Fans and Non-fans

Leite

Ramires

Costa

et al. 2020

Behavioral Sciences

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The present study aims to characterize football fans and non-fans and to compare their psychopathological symptoms with the latest normative values for the Portuguese population from Canavarro in 2007. Results showed that football fans and non-fans are mostly male, have an affective relationship, are childless, have secondary education or a high degree, and are employed or students; fans are more likely to be male, dating, unemployed, to have elementary education and be younger than non-fans. Football fans present significantly higher psychopathological symptoms than non-fans in somatization, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, hostility, paranoid ideation and psychoticism and all psychopathological indexes. Football fans present values very close to those of populations with emotional distress in hostility and are above the mean of the general population in obsession–compulsion, hostility, paranoid ideation and psychoticism.

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Football does not improve mental health: a systematic review on football and mental health disorders

Cited by 10 publications

References 45 publications

Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Athletes

Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Athletes

Anxiety and depression in athletes assessed using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) - a systematic scoping review

Comparing Psychopathological Symptoms in Portuguese Football Fans and Non-fans

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