Food Restriction and Sex Differences on Concurrent, Oral Ethanol and Water Reinforcers in Juvenile Rhesus Monkeys

Pakarinen, Eric D.; Williams, Keith; Woods, James H.

doi:10.1016/s0741-8329(98)00030-5

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…One such technique used to induce oral ethanol consumption in nonhuman primates is to gradually increase the ethanol concentration across daily 2 to 3 hr sessions until the desired concentration (e.g., 4-8%) is reached (Meisch, 1995;Stewart et al, 1996). Using such procedures, monkeys will consume an average of 1.2 to 1.5 g/kg of ethanol (Pakarinen et al, 1999;Stewart et al, 1996;Williams et al, 1998;Williams and Woods, 1999b). These studies also illustrate two findings consistent across most of the methodological techniques reviewed here.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…It has also been shown that food deprivation increases ethanol consumption in rhesus monkeys (Macenski and Meisch, 1992;Meisch and Lemaire, 1991), i.e., the majority of monkeys increased their ethanol intake when they were food restricted compared to when they were food satiated, although the average ethanol intake was only 0.25 g/kg (Meisch and Lemaire, 1991). However, in a similar study, rhesus monkeys that were slightly food restricted drank the same amount of ethanol as those that were not food restricted with an average ethanol intake of 1.5 g/kg (Pakarinen et al, 1999). These studies indicate that the presentation of gradually increasing concentrations of ethanol and post-prandial drinking can produce significant levels of ethanol intake, however, food restriction does not always enhance ethanol consumption in nonhuman primates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

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Controlled and Behaviorally Relevant Levels of Oral Ethanol Intake in Rhesus Macaques Using a Flavorant‐Fade Procedure

Katner

Flynn

Huben

et al. 2004

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Background: Flavorant‐fading procedures can initiate and maintain oral ethanol intake in rodents. The present study developed a similar procedure to achieve controlled and behaviorally relevant levels of ethanol intake in monkeys.Methods: Male rhesus macaques (N= 13) were initially given the opportunity to consume 0.5 g/kg of a 1% (w/v) ethanol plus 4% (w/v) Tang solution in 1‐hr limited‐access sessions without the requirement of an operant response. Once consumption was stable at a particular concentration (%) and/or amount (g/kg), animals were given access to higher concentrations and/or amounts of ethanol. Animals were tested on a bimanual motor skill (BMS) task 20 and 90 min after consumption to assess behavioral impairment. Blood alcohol levels (BALs) were assessed after a session in which animals had the opportunity to consume up to 3.0 g/kg of 6% (w/v) ethanol.Results: The gradual fading up of higher concentrations and amounts of ethanol resulted in controlled and robust levels (>2.0 g/kg) of ethanol intake in half of the subjects. Increasing the concentration of the sweetener from 4 to 6% (w/v) was effective in initiating consumption in three animals. Two monkeys required the additional step of presenting the increased‐sweetener solutions after a meal (postprandial consumption) to initiate significant ethanol intake. Animals were significantly impaired on the BMS task after consumption of 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 g/kg of ethanol. Individual consumption ranging from 0.8 to 3.0 g/kg of ethanol produced BALs of 18 to 269 mg/dl.Conclusions: The flavorant‐fading procedure was effective in producing behaviorally relevant levels of ethanol consumption in rhesus macaques. This model facilitated a randomized‐dose procedure to determine the behavioral effects of 0.5 to 3.0 g/kg of ethanol. This procedure therefore is of significant utility in determining behavioral or physiologic effects of specific doses of consumed ethanol in monkeys.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Controlled and Behaviorally Relevant Levels of Oral Ethanol Intake in Rhesus Macaques Using a Flavorant‐Fade Procedure

Katner

Flynn

Huben

et al. 2004

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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“…cocaine self-administration in males relative to females are related to the phase of the estrus cycle or estrogen levels (Roberts et al 1989;Lynch and Carroll 2000a). Caffeine intake is also greater in female rats but only under conditions of food restriction (Heppner et al 1986), a finding that agrees with the sex by feeding condition interaction (Pakarinen et al 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Examination of sex as a variable in drug self-administration in nonhuman primates is very limited. Oral ethanol self-administration was compared in male and female juvenile (Pakarinen et al 1998) and adult (Grant and Johanson 1988) rhesus monkeys, but no statistically reliable sex differences were found. There are also negative findings of sex differences in rats (Stewart et al 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Acquisition of oral phencyclidine self-administration in rhesus monkeys: effect of sex

et al. 2000

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“…For example, results from studies in rats and vervet monkeys on total alcohol intake revealed that females self-administer greater levels of alcohol compared to males (Lancaster and Spiegel 1992;Juarez et al 1993;Almeida et al 1998;Juarez and Barrios de Tomasi 1999). In contrast, studies comparing male and female rhesus monkeys reveal that females are less likely than males to maintain consumption (Grant and Johanson 1988), but they self-administer similar levels of alcohol across a wide range of concentrations (Pakarinen et al 1999;Vivian et al 1999). These preclinical data are discrepant with data obtained with humans showing that men drink greater amounts of alcohol compared to women (Orford and Keddie 1985;Crawford and Ryder 1986).…”

Section: Preclinical Reports Of Sex Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological basis of sex differences in drug abuse: preclinical and clinical studies

2002

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The recent focus on drug abuse in women has brought attention to numerous differences between women and men. In this review, we discuss both preclinical and clinical findings of sex differences in drug abuse as well as mechanisms that may underlie these differences. Recent evidence suggests that the progression to dependence and abuse may differ between women and men; thus, different prevention and treatment strategies may be required. Similar sex differences in drug sensitivity and self-administration have been reported in laboratory animal studies. Females appear to be more vulnerable than males to the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants, opiates, and nicotine during many phases of the addiction process (e.g. acquisition, maintenance, dysregulation-escalation, relapse). Male and female animals differ in their behavioral, neurological, and pharmacological responses to drugs. Although the role of sex in the mechanisms of drug action remains unclear, preclinical and clinical studies indicate that ovarian hormones, particularly estrogen, play a role in producing sex differences in drug abuse. Future research is necessary to provide information on how to design more effective drug abuse treatment programs and resources that are sex specific.

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Food Restriction and Sex Differences on Concurrent, Oral Ethanol and Water Reinforcers in Juvenile Rhesus Monkeys

Cited by 19 publications

References 17 publications

Controlled and Behaviorally Relevant Levels of Oral Ethanol Intake in Rhesus Macaques Using a Flavorant‐Fade Procedure

Controlled and Behaviorally Relevant Levels of Oral Ethanol Intake in Rhesus Macaques Using a Flavorant‐Fade Procedure

Acquisition of oral phencyclidine self-administration in rhesus monkeys: effect of sex

Biological basis of sex differences in drug abuse: preclinical and clinical studies

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