Food-grade lactic acid bacteria and probiotics as a potential protective tool against erythrotoxic dietary xenobiotics

Immunomodulation Potential of Probiotics: A Novel Strategy for Improving Livestock Health, Immunity, and Productivity

“…Therefore, more investigation will be required in order to find Lactobacillus in the form of immunobiotics, pursue the possibility of using them as AM substitutes, and try to construct immunobiotics library to establish the translocation route from mother to child, which will represent the translocation route of indigenous bacteria from mother to child. Further studies are also required 3 to elucidate the mechanisms of action of probiotic LAB strains-in particular those related to the immunoregulating ability of LAB strains through DCs activation via pattern recognition receptors (co-culture experiments with probiotics, DCs, and IECs as well as in 3D models); 4 to search for probiotics that can be used as drug alternatives in the prevention or treatment of various infectious diseases using in vitro and in vivo models; 5 to search for new techniques, such as genome editing and AI/IoT system, for the development of a healthy growth system with immunobiotics.…”

“…4 Increase in digestion and absorption of nutrients: In this case, the spore-forming bacteria enhance the production of extracellular enzymes, which facilitate nutrient digestion [122,123]. 5 Competing with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients in the gut: Probiotic bacteria might compete with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients and absorption sites by rapidly utilizing energy sources, potentially shortening the log phase of bacterial development [116]. 6 Production of antimicrobial substances: Several probiotic bacteria, particularly those that produce lactic and acetic acids, have the ability to suppress harmful microorganisms [124,125].…”

“…Probiotics disallow colonization by pathogenic bacteria through competition for nutrients, immune system up-regulation, and production of antitoxins. These mechanisms include 1 Competitive exclusion for binding sites, 2 Adhesion to the GIT, 3 Enhancement of the epithelial barrier, 4 Increase in digestion and absorption of nutrients, 5 Competing with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients in the gut, 6 Production of AM substances, 7 Alteration in gene expression in pathogenic microorganisms, 8 Bacterial antagonism, 9 Bioconversion and There are numerous proposed modes of action of livestock probiotics [106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114]. However, the major mechanisms of action proposed for probiotics are considered in the following segments (summarized in Figure 3).…”

“…Therefore, the establishment of AM-free feeding system by using probiotics has been required for secure and healthy livestock production. The most commonly used probiotics in livestock are the strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Bifidobacterium [5]. In addition, gastrointestinal tract (GI) infections in livestock are considered a major global problem, with a negative economic impact on livestock farmers [6].…”

“…Probiotics disallow colonization by pathogenic bacteria through competition for nutrients, immune system up-regulation, and production of antitoxins. These mechanisms include1 Competitive exclusion for binding sites,2 Adhesion to the GIT,3 Enhancement of the epithelial barrier,4 Increase in digestion and absorption of nutrients,5 Competing with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients in the gut,6 Production of AM substances,7 Alteration in gene expression in pathogenic microorganisms,8 Bacterial antagonism,…”