Food flavourings and compounds of related structure I. Acute oral toxicity

Jenner, P; Hagan, Ernest C.; Taylor, Jean M.; Cook, Elise; Fitzhugh, O. Garth

doi:10.1016/s0015-6264(64)80192-9

Cited by 603 publications

(148 citation statements)

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“…Because of the adverse reaction of some compounds in higher doses, toxicological property of carvacrol is important. An oral LD 50 in rats was calculated for carvacrol as 810 mg/kg body weight 10 and an IC 50 value in Hep-2 cells was 0.32 mM 23 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential Oil Compositions ofThymus kotschyanusBoiss. Obtained by Hydrodistillation and Microwave Oven Distillation

Khanavi

Hajimehdipoor

Emadi

et al. 2013

Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants

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Abstract:The essential oils of the aerial parts of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave oven distillation (MD) were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. 39 components were identified in the essential oil of this plant (95.0 % in HD and 94.8 % in MD). The components of the essential oil extracted by MD were similar to those obtained by HD. T. kotschyanus essential oil was characterized by a high amount of carvacrol (64.6 % in HD and 44.7 % in MD). Other major compounds were identified as p-cymene, γ-terpinene and L-Borneol. Thymoquinone was absent in HD method. Although the time of MD was 12 times less than HD, but the percentage of essential oil was only 15 % less (1.2 % in MD and 1.4 % in HD). Moreover, the amount of carvacrol as the main component of the plant essential oil, in MD was 20 % less than HD.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential Oil Compositions ofThymus kotschyanusBoiss. Obtained by Hydrodistillation and Microwave Oven Distillation

Khanavi

Hajimehdipoor

Emadi

et al. 2013

Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Toxicological property of carvacrol is becoming important since the use of the compound at higher doses may extend to other application. An oral LD 50 in rats was calculated for carvacrol as 810 mg per kg body weight (Jenner et al 1964) and an IC 50 value in Hep-2 cells was 0.32 mM (Stammati et al 1999).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Carvacrol on Sister Chromatid Exchanges in Human Lymphocyte Cultures

2003

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Carvacrol is a predominant aromatic compound in oil of oregano. It has naturally remarkable antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasital effects. In this study, genotoxic and antigenotoxic activities of carvacrol were investigated by the in vitro sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assay on human peripheral blood lymphocytes.The genotoxicity test was performed with carvacrol in two donors. On the other hand, inhibitory effect of carvacrol was tested in the presence of mitomycin C (MMC) in the same assay. According to data, all doses of carvacrol did not increase the formation of SCE, whereas it inhibited the rate of SCE induced by MMC. In conclusion, carvacrol exhibited a significant antigenotoxic activity in mammalian cells, indicating its potential for use as an antigenotoxic agent.Abbreviations: BrdU -5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine; DMSO -dimethyl sulfoxide; GC-MS -gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; MMC -mitomycin C; SCE -Sister chromatid exchange

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“…For d-carvone, the oral LD 50 was 1,640 mg/kg bw in rats (unspecified strain) and 766 mg/kg bw for guinea pigs (Jenner et al, 1964 The intravenous LD 50 value for d-carvone in mice was 1,500 mg/kg (Lichtenstein et al, 1974). Stoner et al (1973) reported that no adverse effects were observed in mice given six intraperitoneal injections of 250 mg/kg bw d-carvone over a 2-week period.…”

Section: Acute Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the safety assessment of carvone, considering all sources of exposure

2014

EFSA Journal

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Carvone occurs naturally as dextrorotatory (d-) and levorotatory (l-) enantiomers in several food items; these may also be used as a pesticide, food flavouring, feed flavouring, in feed additive, in personal care products and as (veterinary) medicine. In order to improve coherence regarding the risk assessment of carvone in the different food and feed sector areas, EFSA asked its Scientific Committee to establish a single ADI for carvone, estimate the overall exposure of European consumers, and quantify the contribution for each source of exposure to the overall exposure of carvone. Having reviewed the information available the Scientific Committee decided to address dcarvone and l-carvone separately and limit its assessment to the oral intake of d-and l-carvone. The Scientific Committee established an ADI of 0.6 mg/kg bw/day for d-carvone, based on the BMDL10 of 60 mg/kg bw/day for an increase in relative liver weight in the rat 90-day studies and an uncertainty factor of 100. The Scientific Committee could not establish an ADI for l-carvone because of a lack of toxicological data for this enantiomer. The highest level of aggregated exposure to d-carvone is estimated to be 0.60 mg/kg bw/day, i.e. is at the level of the ADI established for d-carvone. The highest level of aggregated exposure to l-carvone is three-fold that of d-carvone. In view of key uncertainties 1) on the toxicity of l-carvone, 2) on the biological relevance of the endpoint selected to establish the ADI for d-carvone and its use as a surrogate for the observed lethality in tested animals, 3) whether d-and l-carvone should be considered together for possible combined effects and 4) in the aggregated exposure assessments to d-and to l-carvone, the Scientific Committee recommended generating additional data to refine the current risk assessment. In order to improve coherence regarding the risk assessment of carvone in the different food and feed sector areas of the European Food Safety Authority, EFSA asked its Scientific Committee to 1) establish a single ADI for carvone to be used at European level, regardless of the food sector area, and considering all previous evaluations, 2) estimate the overall exposure of European consumers to the carvone resulting from its various uses, and 3) quantify the contribution for each source of exposure to the overall exposure of carvone. Having reviewed the data available and the previous assessments done, the Scientific Committee decided to address d-carvone and l-carvone separately and limit its assessment to the oral intake of d-and l-carvone. In view of an expected request for extending the application of d-carvone as an anti-sprouting agent to ware and starch potatoes; the Scientific Committee decided to include also this use in its assessment.The Scientific Committee considered the data available for d-carvone and selected the liver effects as the most likely relevant endpoint to be used as the basis for risk assessment. The Scientific Committee established an ADI of 0.6 mg/kg bw/day for d-carvo...

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Food flavourings and compounds of related structure I. Acute oral toxicity

Cited by 603 publications

References 1 publication

Essential Oil Compositions ofThymus kotschyanusBoiss. Obtained by Hydrodistillation and Microwave Oven Distillation

Essential Oil Compositions ofThymus kotschyanusBoiss. Obtained by Hydrodistillation and Microwave Oven Distillation

Effects of Carvacrol on Sister Chromatid Exchanges in Human Lymphocyte Cultures

Scientific Opinion on the safety assessment of carvone, considering all sources of exposure

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