The``mainstream'' evolutionary psychology model is currently under criticism from scientists of other persuasions wanting to expand the model or to make it more realistic in various ways. We argue that focusing on the environment as if it consisted only of social (or sociocultural) factors gives too limited a perspective if evolutionary approaches are to understand the behavior of modern humans. Taking the case of violence, we argue that numerous novel environmental factors of nutritional and physical-chemical origin should be considered as relevant proximate factors. The common thesis presented here is that several aspects of the biotic or abiotic environment are able to change brain chemistry, thus predisposing individuals to has greatly in¯uenced this ®eld of research. Through numerous articles, books and lectures he has made the research community as well as the public aware of how nutrition and heavy metals may in¯uence violence and criminal behavior. In Norway, biologist Ivar Mysterud (born 1938) took this message seriously as early as the 1970s. He initiated and headed the ecology and environment part of the broad, introductory course in General Biology (BIO 101) at the Department of Biology, University of Oslo, where he lectured on heavy metals, crime and violence from 1973 until 1999. Ivar Mysterud attempted (in vain) to get media attention for these topics. When the connections between lead exposure, behavior and crime became known after Bryce-Smith and Waldron's article in 1974, this and some other articles on heavy metals and human/animal behavior were sent to Dagbladet (one of the largest newspapers in Norway) and subsequently to the Minister of the Environment/Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland, but to no avail.