Food allergy as a biological food quality control system

Florsheim, Esther; Sullivan, Zuri A.; Khoury-Hanold, William; Medzhitov, Ruslan

doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.007

Cited by 66 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…38 In contrast, the aforementioned detailed study found that neither hygiene interventions nor home and personal cleanliness had any impact on the development of allergies in children. 17 Conflicting data such as these may be attributable to the fact that cleaning products are relevant for 2 entirely separate reasons, 1 of which has nothing to do with microbial exposures (Fig 2 [39][40][41][42] ). The cleaning products might indeed act by reducing human exposure to the microbiota of the home, but recent findings suggest that they might also exert a T H 2-adjuvant effect that predisposes the immune system to an allergic response.…”

Section: Direct Effects Of Cleaning Products On Human Health?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial exposures that establish immunoregulation are compatible with targeted hygiene

Rook

Bloomfield

2021

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

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It is often suggested that hygiene is not compatible with the microbial exposures that are necessary for establishment of the immune system in early life. However, when we analyze the microbial exposures of modern humans in the context of human evolution and history, it becomes evident that whereas children need exposure to the microbiotas of their mothers, other family members, and the natural environment, exposure to the unnatural microbiota of the modern home is less relevant. In addition, any benefits of exposure to the infections of childhood within their household setting are at least partly replaced by the recently revealed nonspecific effects of vaccines. This article shows how targeting hygiene practices at key risk moments and sites can maximize protection against infection while minimizing any impact on essential microbial exposures. Moreover, this targeting must aim to reduce direct exposure of children to cleaning agents because those agents probably exert T H 2-adjuvant effects that trigger allergic responses to normally innocuous antigens. Finally, we need to halt the flow of publications in the scientific literature and the media that blame hygiene for the increases in immunoregulatory disorders. Appropriately targeted hygiene behavior is compatible with a healthy lifestyle that promotes exposure to essential microorganisms.

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Section: Direct Effects Of Cleaning Products On Human Health?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial exposures that establish immunoregulation are compatible with targeted hygiene

Rook

Bloomfield

2021

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this regard, it has been recently speculated that food allergy, with the attendant imprinting of memory, might be an aberration of homeostatic immune responses whose main purpose is food quality control. 2,3 IgE is the principal effector molecule in food-induced type 2 responses. Allergen-specific IgE is bound to tissue-resident mast cells and circulating basophils through its high-affinity receptor, FcεRI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory Generation and Re-Activation in Food Allergy

Koenig

Bruton

Phelps

et al. 2021

ITT

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Recent evidence has highlighted the critical role of memory cells in maintaining lifelong food allergies, thereby identifying these cells as therapeutic targets. IgG + memory B cells replenish pools of IgE-secreting cells upon allergen exposure, which contract thereafter due to the short lifespan of tightly regulated IgE-expressing cells. Advances in the detection and highly dimensional analysis of allergen-specific B and T cells from allergic patients have provided insight on their phenotype and function. The newly identified Th2A and Tfh13 populations represent a leap in our understanding of allergen-specific T cell phenotypes, although how these populations contribute to IgE memory responses remains poorly understood. Within, we discuss the mechanisms by which memory B and T cells are activated, integrating knowledge from human systems and fundamental research. We then focus on memory reactivation, specifically, on the pathways of secondary IgE responses. Throughout, we identify areas of future research which will help identify immunotargets for a transformative therapy for food allergy.

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“…Net positive quality results in immune tolerance toward dietary antigens, whereas net negative value results in allergic sensitization via induction of antigen-specific IgE antibodies. 1 This is based in part on the idea that allergy is a system for expulsion of toxins. The authors argue that the net negative value of food allergens stems from allergens being inherently noxious or being physically associated with noxious substances.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Food proteins may also directly activate the innate immune system, as Ruiter et al recently demonstrated with peanut, which activated human dendritic cells via Toll-like receptor 1/2 heterodimers to drive type 2 immunity. 3 Florsheim et al 1 proposed that allergens that are protease inhibitors and may therefore interfere with digestive enzymes would be net negative proteins on account of detrimental effects on the host. Sullivan et al have recently shown that nutrient sensing, specifically, carbohydrate sensing, can alter epithelial cell phenotype and function through the action of gd T cells.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

New ideas: Food allergy stems from food quality sensing

Berin

2021

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

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Food allergy as a biological food quality control system

Cited by 66 publications

References 139 publications

Microbial exposures that establish immunoregulation are compatible with targeted hygiene

Microbial exposures that establish immunoregulation are compatible with targeted hygiene

Memory Generation and Re-Activation in Food Allergy

New ideas: Food allergy stems from food quality sensing

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