Fomites and Herpes Simplex Viruses: A Case for Nonvenereal Transmission?

Douglas, John M.

doi:10.1001/jama.1983.03340220061037

Cited by 21 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Infections occur following intimate contact with virus-laden secretions and in some case by fomites (e.g., nurseries, day care centers) (22,72). Saliva harbors most of the HHVs and appears to be an important mode for virus transmission.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of Prophylactic Valacyclovir on the Presence of Human Herpesvirus DNA in Saliva of Healthy Individuals after Dental Treatment

Miller¹,

Avdiushko²,

Danaher³

et al. 2005

J Clin Microbiol

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Human herpesviruses (HHVs) are ubiquitous pathogens that intermittently reactivate from latency. Transmission is believed to be facilitated by their frequent appearance in saliva. This study sought to understand the factors that influence the appearance of these viruses in saliva by examining the prevalence, pattern, and quantity of all eight HHVs in saliva of immunocompetent adults with a history of recurrent oral herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections following dental treatment and antiviral therapy. Valacyclovir or matched placebo was given (2 g twice on the day of treatment and 1 g twice the following day) to 125 patients in a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Saliva, collected on the day of dental treatment and 3 and 7 days later, was analyzed using real-time quantitative PCR. At all visits, HHVs coinfected saliva. Over the course of the week, the DNAs of HHV-6 and HHV-7 were detected significantly more often (97% to 99% of patients) than Epstein-Barr virus (EBV; 64.8%), HSV-1 (13.0%), HHV-8 (3.2%), cytomegalovirus (2.4%), HSV-2 (0%), and varicella-zoster virus (0%), irrespective of drug treatment (P < 0.002). Mean genome copy numbers were highest for HSV-1 and HHV-6. Dental treatment did not influence asymptomatic viral shedding patterns. However, valacyclovir treatment resulted in significantly fewer patients shedding EBV at both postoperative visits compared with placebo (P < 0.008). These results suggest that HHVs are simultaneously present in the saliva of healthy adults at levels that could facilitate transmission, and valacyclovir therapy decreases the prevalence of EBV in saliva but has little effect on HHV-6 and HHV-7.Herpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that infect many animal species, including humans. Eight distinct members of the human Herpesviridae family have been identified. They include herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, varicellazoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), HHV-7, and HHV-8 (Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus [KSHV]) (62, 81). These large DNA viruses each express more than 70 genes that specify a number of proteins and enzymes that can cause destruction of infected cells during the lytic infection (12,63). Following the initial lytic infection, HHVs establish a latent state in a diverse group of cells that ensures survival of the viral genome throughout the life of the host. Periodic reactivation and viral recrudescence (i.e., appearance with or without clinical symptoms) occur after stress and alterations in immune surveillance. Frank immunosuppression is associated with more severe disease and complications (e.g., encephalitis, pneumonia, hepatitis, and various forms of cancer) (2,7,13,14,40,53,57,60,67,68,78,83,84).Over 95% of the adult population are infected with HHVs (28,39,70,71,86). Infections occur following intimate contact with virus-laden secretions and in some case by fomites (e.g., nurseries, day care centers) (22,72). Saliva harbors most of the HHVs and appears to be an important mode for viru...

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confidence: 99%

Effect of Prophylactic Valacyclovir on the Presence of Human Herpesvirus DNA in Saliva of Healthy Individuals after Dental Treatment

Miller¹,

Avdiushko²,

Danaher³

et al. 2005

J Clin Microbiol

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“…It is possible that this dose (l-SxlO"^ pfu) is higher than that required to induce genital herpes infection in humans. Although the required HSV dose in humans is unknown (Douglas and Corey, 1983), levels as high as 1 xlO^ pfu have been isolated from cervical secretions (Merriman et a!., 1984), Clearly, HSV-2M1 can induce a clinically evident primary and recurrent genital infection in guinea pigs, and a C-fixing anti-AG-4 response can be detected in these animals. However, the guinea pig IgG C-fixing anti-AG-4 response is not associated with a reduction in the number of HSV-2 genital recurrences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody Response to the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Ag‐4 Antigen in Guinea Pigs With Genital Herpes Infections

Maragos

Miller

May

1986

Aust J Exp Biol Med

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Summary Female guinea pigs, inoculated intravaginally with a herpes simplex virus‐type 2 (HSV‐2) strain M1, developed typical symptoms of a primary and recurrent genital herpes infection. Sera from HSV‐2 infected guinea pigs taken during the primary or recurrent stages of the genital infection contained complement (C)‐fixing antibody which reacted with an apparent type specificity to an early 4 h HSV‐2 infected cell extract (AG‐4) when compared to a 4 h HSV‐1 infected cell extract. This C‐fixing anti‐AG‐4 activity was shown to be associated with the IgG2 subclass and directed primarily against HSV‐2 infected cell polypeptide (ICP)6 and ICP8. Furthermore, C‐fixing anti‐AG‐4 levels remained constant after the primary infection and during recurrences for over 6 months. Thus, while the anti‐AG‐4 response in guinea pigs was of the IgG type, it varied from that found previously in human genital HSV‐2 sufferers which was of the IgM type. Also, while an IgG anti‐AG‐4 response in human genital HSV‐2 sufferers is associated with a reduction in the number of recurrences, this reduction is not apparent in the guinea pig model.

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“…Ancak bulaş için derinin keratin tabakasında veya müköz membranda zedelenme olması gerekmek tedir. HSV bazı medikal işlemlerlede bulaşabilmektedir (17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24)…”

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