“…The Faces Scale was developed by Kunin in 1955 to measure job satisfaction in a large automotive plant. Hence, the scale is often titled “GM Scale” (Bungard, Müller, & Niethammer, 2007) and has been widely used ever since (Brief & Robertson, 1989; Elfering, Kälin, & Semmer, 2000; Elfering, Semmer, Tschan, Kälin, & Bucher, 2007; Neuberger, 1976; Neuberger & Allerbeck, 1978; Smith et al, 1969; Wanous, Reichers, & Hudy, 1997). The Faces Scale has also been used to measure happiness and life satisfaction (Andrews & Whitey, 1976).…”