Follow-up of COVID-19 recovered patients with mild disease

Kashif, Alina; Chaudhry, Manahil; Fayyaz, Tehreem; Abdullah, Mohammad; Malik, Ayesha; Anwer, Javairia Manal Akmal; Inam, Syed Hashim Ali; Fatima, Tehreem; Iqbal, Noreena; Shoaib, Khadija

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92717-8

Cited by 40 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Increased frequency of post-acute symptoms in females compared to males and slower recovery in females have also been reported in other studies 11–13,15,16 , whereas the evidence regarding the influence of age is somewhat contradicting. In one study, an inverted-U formed association between age and worsening of health after infection was observed, similar to the present study, where the majority of symptoms were most frequently reported by the middle-aged (30-59 years) 14 , but reports of increased risk in older individuals 12,28 , young adults 17 , or no effect 11 also exist.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

“…Parametric g-computation 10 on logistic regression was used to estimate RDs (with 95% confidence intervals) among the exposed with adjustment for completion time (6, 9 or 12 months), age, sex, obesity, comorbidities from the questionnaire, Charlson Comorbidity Index scores and healthcare occupation. Based on results of other studies [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] , these variables were considered potential confounders.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post-acute symptoms, new onset diagnoses and health problems 6 to 12 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide questionnaire study in the adult Danish population

Sørensen

Spiliopoulos

Bager

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background. A considerable number of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 continue to experience symptoms after the acute phase. More information on duration and prevalence of these symptoms in non-hospitalized populations is needed. Methods. We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional study including 152 880 individuals aged 15-years or older, consisting of RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases between September 2020-April 2021 (N=61 002) and a corresponding test-negative control group (N=91 878). Data were collected 6, 9 or 12 months after the test using web-based questionnaires. The questionnaire covered acute and post-acute symptoms, selected diagnoses, sick leave and general health, together with demographics and life style at baseline. Risk differences (RDs) between test-positives and -negatives were reported, adjusted for age, sex, single comorbidities, Charlson comorbidity score, obesity and healthcare-occupation. Findings. Six to twelve months after the test date, the risks of 18 out of 21 physical symptoms were elevated among test-positives and one third (29.6%) of the test-positives experienced at least one physical post-acute symptom. The largest risk differences were observed for dysosmia (RD = 10.92%, 95%CI 10.68-11.21%), dysgeusia (RD=8.68%, 95%CI 8.43-8.93%), fatigue/exhaustion (RD=8.43%, 95%CI 8.14-8.74%), dyspnea (RD=4.87%, 95%CI 4.65-5.09%) and reduced strength in arms/legs (RD=4.68%, 95%CI 4.45-4.89%). More than half (53.1%) of test-positives reported at least one of the following conditions: concentration difficulties (RD=28.34%, 95%CI 27.34-28.78%), memory issues (RD=27.25%, 95%CI 26.80-27.71%), sleep problems (RD=17.27%, 95%CI 16.81-17.73%), mental (RD=32.58%, 95%CI 32.11-33.09%) or physical exhaustion (RD=40.45%, 95%CI 33.99-40.97%), compared to 11.5% of test-negatives. New diagnoses of anxiety (RD=1.15%, 95%CI 0.95-1.34%) or depression (RD=1.00%, 95%CI 0.81-1.19%) were also more common among test-positives. Interpretation. At the population-level, where the majority of test-positives (96.0%) were not hospitalized during acute infection, a considerable proportion experience post-acute symptoms and sequelae 6-12 months after infection. Funding. None

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-acute symptoms, new onset diagnoses and health problems 6 to 12 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide questionnaire study in the adult Danish population

Sørensen

Spiliopoulos

Bager

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Participants were recruited on the basis of informed consent and ethical approval was taken from the institution reviewer committee of The University of Lahore, Pakistan. The Sample size was seventy as calculated by epitool [ 12 ]. The Convenient sampling technique was applied.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental health status of COVID-19 survivors: a cross sectional study

Jafri

Zaheer

Fatima

et al. 2022

Virol J

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Background Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a communicable disease caused by a virus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Pandemics are associated with the high level of mental stress. In many countries, general people reported the high level of depression, anxiety, psychological distress, post-traumatic stress disorder during recent a pandemic. This study aims to investigate the mental health status of people who survived through this alarming situation of COVID-19. Methods In this study, seventy individuals (either gender) between the age of 18–60 years, who contracted COVID-19 previously and then recovered as indicated by negative PCR results, were included. Data was collected by using three tools: impact of event scale (IES-R), patient health questionnaire-9(PHQ-9) and corona anxiety scale (CAS). People with other systemic/mental disorders, ongoing malignancies, upper/lower motor disorders and inability to give consent were excluded from the study. Results Mean age of participants was 26.29 + 11.79. All the 70 responders suffered from COVID-19. Among these 23 (32.9%) were asymptomatic and 47(67.1%) had common symptoms related to COVID-19 53 (75.7%) responders also had symptoms post-recovery. Most of the people who suffered COVID-19 had mild depression. Twenty-nine participants (41.4%) reported the highest impact of this traumatic event on their mental health. After suffering from COVID-19, 74.3% reported no anxiety as measured through corona anxiety scale (CAS). Conclusion High level of post-traumatic stress was seen among participants who recovered from COVID-19, especially those patients who were symptomatic. Mild depression and anxiety were also noted among them.

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“…In roughly 20% of patients, these symptoms persist for 3-6 months or longer after they have been cured of COVID-19. Long COVID can also be found in patients with mild COVID-19 [314]. As a result, following severe COVID-19 [311], long COVID requires special attention.…”

Section: Possible Causes Of the Autoimmune And Anti-inflammatory Proc...mentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of COVID-19

Gusev

Sarapultsev

Соломатина

et al. 2022

IJMS

164

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The review aims to consolidate research findings on the molecular mechanisms and virulence and pathogenicity characteristics of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and their relevance to four typical stages in the development of acute viral infection. These four stages are invasion; primary blockade of antiviral innate immunity; engagement of the virus’s protection mechanisms against the factors of adaptive immunity; and acute, long-term complications of COVID-19. The invasion stage entails the recognition of the spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 target cell receptors, namely, the main receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, ACE2), its coreceptors, and potential alternative receptors. The presence of a diverse repertoire of receptors allows SARS-CoV-2 to infect various types of cells, including those not expressing ACE2. During the second stage, the majority of the polyfunctional structural, non-structural, and extra proteins SARS-CoV-2 synthesizes in infected cells are involved in the primary blockage of antiviral innate immunity. A high degree of redundancy and systemic action characterizing these pathogenic factors allows SARS-CoV-2 to overcome antiviral mechanisms at the initial stages of invasion. The third stage includes passive and active protection of the virus from factors of adaptive immunity, overcoming of the barrier function at the focus of inflammation, and generalization of SARS-CoV-2 in the body. The fourth stage is associated with the deployment of variants of acute and long-term complications of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2’s ability to induce autoimmune and autoinflammatory pathways of tissue invasion and development of both immunosuppressive and hyperergic mechanisms of systemic inflammation is critical at this stage of infection.

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Follow-up of COVID-19 recovered patients with mild disease

Cited by 40 publications

References 16 publications

Post-acute symptoms, new onset diagnoses and health problems 6 to 12 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide questionnaire study in the adult Danish population

Post-acute symptoms, new onset diagnoses and health problems 6 to 12 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide questionnaire study in the adult Danish population

Mental health status of COVID-19 survivors: a cross sectional study

SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of COVID-19

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