Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Increases the Risk of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis by Stimulating Osteoclast Differentiation

Abstract

ObjectiveThe objectives of this study were to observe the changes in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, to research the relationship between FSH and postmenopausal osteoporosis, and to observe the effects of FSH on osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells.MethodsWe analyzed 248 postmenopausal women with normal bone metabolism. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used to detect serum FSH, luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol (E2). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure forearm BMD. Then, we analyzed the age-related changes in serum FSH, LH and E2. Additionally, FSH serum concentrations were compared between a group of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and a control group. Osteoclasts were induced from RAW264.7 cells in vitro by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), and these cells were treated with 0, 5, 10, and 20 ng/ml FSH. After the osteoclasts matured, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining was used to identify osteoclasts, and the mRNA expression levels of genes involved in osteoclastic phenotypes and function, such as receptor activator of NF-κB (Rank), Trap, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (Mmp-9) and Cathepsin K, were detected in different groups using real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction).Results1. FSH serum concentrations in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis increased notably compared with the control group. 2. RANKL induced RAW264.7 cell differentiation into mature osteoclasts in vitro. 3. FSH increased mRNA expression of genes involved in osteoclastic phenotypes and function, such as Rank, Trap, Mmp-9 and Cathepsin K, in a dose-dependent manner.ConclusionsThe circulating concentration of FSH may play an important role in the acceleration of bone loss in postmenopausal women. FSH increases osteoclastogenesis in vitro.

Evaluating the toxic potential of agrochemicals on the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid axis in tilapia(Oreochromis mossambicus)

“…Over the past 20 years, the potency of endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has attracted attention in numerous ecotoxicological studies and has remained an active topic in contemporary ecotoxicology due to their proven environmental impacts (Chen et al, ; Schug et al, ; Wang et al, ; Zhou, et al, ). So far, the main focus of EDCs was clearly on the effects on reproductive biology (Ankley, Bencic, Breen, et al, ; Ankley, Bencic, Cavallin, et al, ; Huang, Wang, Zhang, & Wu, ).…”

“…Over the past 20 years, the potency of endocrine-disrupting chemi- O. mossambicus exposed to agrochemicals. (*) denotes the significance value at *p < .05 Schug et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2015;Zhou, et al, 2010). So far, the main focus of EDCs was clearly on the effects on reproductive biology (Ankley, Bencic, Breen, et al, 2009;Ankley, Bencic, Cavallin, et al, 2009;Huang, Wang, Zhang, & Wu, 2014).…”

Featured Article: Transcriptional landscape analysis identifies differently expressed genes involved in follicle-stimulating hormone induced postmenopausal osteoporosis

“…29 Recent investigations have also highlighted an FSH-dependent PMOP mechanism, caused by elevation of FSH and LH levels in elderly females. 5,6 Although OP is connected with the aging process, the similar mean ages of the control (70.2) and OP patient (70.6) groups would likely exclude the possibility that the discovered mRNAs were a result of ''aging'' transcriptomes. We are confident that our results reflected a connection between the revealed candidate mRNA biomarkers and bone tissue reorganization.…”

Sex hormone levels by presence and severity of cirrhosis in women with chronic hepatitis C virus infection

“…These changes were modified by severity of liver disease, with the most profound changes among men with greater severity of liver dysfunction. In healthy women, menopause normally leads to declining oestradiol levels and rise in FSH, which are associated with risk of cardiac and bone disease, respectively. Less is known about the effect of cirrhosis on sex hormone production and metabolism in post‐menopausal women, including whether hormone levels vary by severity of cirrhosis resulting from chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.…”