Fog deposition to Norway Spruce stands at high-elevation sites in the Eastern Erzgebirge (Germany)

Zimmermann, Lothar; Zimmermann, Frank

doi:10.1016/s0022-1694(01)00532-7

Cited by 48 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…1), the deposition through fog water interception needs to be included in a monthly input estimate of N r (Klemm and V. Wolff et al: Exchange of reactive nitrogen compounds Wrzesinsky, 2007;Zimmermann and Zimmermann, 2002). Several studies on fog meteorology and chemistry have been conducted at the site (Klemm and Wrzesinsky, 2007;Wrzesinsky and Klemm, 2000), in which the importance of the so called occult deposition was stressed.…”

Section: Deposition Of Reactive Nitrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A special component of wet deposition, which might be important in specific areas, is the occult deposition through the interception of fog water. Although the hydrological input may not be important in comparison to rain, the concentration of dissolved compounds may be significantly higher, thus being an important pollutant and nutrient input (Eugster, 2008;Klemm and Wrzesinsky, 2007;Zimmermann and Zimmermann, 2002). The relative importance of the different deposition processes for a given chemical compound depends on whether the substance is present in gaseous or particulate form, its solubility in water, the amount of precipitation in the region and the terrain and land surface cover type (Seinfeld and Pandis, 1998;Erisman et al, 2005b;Foken et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exchange of reactive nitrogen compounds: concentrations and fluxes of total ammonium and total nitrate above a spruce canopy

et al. 2010

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Abstract. Total ammonium (tot-NH3 ) measured at two levels. Gaseous species and related particulate compounds were measured selectively, simultaneously and continuously above a spruce forest canopy in south-eastern Germany in summer 2007. Measurements were performed using a wetchemical two-point gradient instrument, the GRAEGOR. Median concentrations of NH 3 , HNO 3 , NH + 4 , and NO − 3 were 0.57, 0.12, 0.76, and 0.48 µg m −3 , respectively. Total ammonium and total nitrate fluxes showed large variations depending on meteorological conditions, with concentrations close to zero under humid and cool conditions and higher concentrations under dry conditions. Mean fluxes of total ammonium and total nitrate in September 2007 were directed towards the forest canopy and were −65.77 ng m −2 s −1 and −41.02 ng m −2 s −1 (in terms of nitrogen), respectively. Their deposition was controlled by aerodynamic resistances only, with very little influence of surface resistances. Including measurements of wet deposition and findings of former studies on occult deposition (fog water interception) at the study site, the total N deposition in September 2007 was estimated to 5.86 kg ha −1 .

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Section: Deposition Of Reactive Nitrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exchange of reactive nitrogen compounds: concentrations and fluxes of total ammonium and total nitrate above a spruce canopy

et al. 2010

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“…Especially in mountain forest ecosystems, where fog occurs very frequently, fog water is an important source of ion deposition (Gordon et al, 1994;Walmsley et al, 1996). The frequency of fog events typically increases with altitude above sea level Correspondence to: E. Beiderwieden (beiderwi@uni-muenster.de) (Olivier and de Rautenbach, 2002;Zimmermann and Zimmermann, 2002;Holder, 2004). Prevalent fog frequencies and high wind velocities cause more fog deposition and ion input at elevated mountainous sites than in lowlands (Minami and Ishizaka, 1996;Walmsley et al, 1996;Clark et al, 1998;Igawa et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical characterization of fog and rain water collected at the eastern Andes cordillera

Beiderwieden¹,

Wrzesinsky²,

Klemm³

2005

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. During a three month period in 2003 and 2004, the chemistry of fog and rainwater were studied at the "El Tiro" site in a tropical mountain forest ecosystem in Ecuador, South America. The fogwater samples were collected using a passive fog collector, and for the rain water, a standard rain sampler was employed. For all samples, electric conductivity, pH, and the concentrations of NH We found considerably higher ion concentrations in fogwater samples than in rain samples. Median pH values are 4.58 for fog water, and 5.26 for the rain samples, respectively. The median electric conductivity was 23 µS cm −1 for the fog and 6 µS cm −1 for the rain. The continent samples exhibit higher concentrations of most ions as compared to the pacific samples, but these differences could not be detected statistically.

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“…The importance of including cloudwater for calculating catchment water budgets, particularly in temperate upland forested catchments, has been reported elsewhere. For example, for a small headwater catchment in southern Germany, the underestimate of annual evapotranspiration calculated by the catchment water budget method, compared with the eddy covariance energy budget method, was attributed to fog deposition (Zimmermann & Zimmermann, 2002). Consideration of cloudwater is also essential for catchment planning and management in assessing the effect of land-use and vegetation changes on interception losses and, hence, water resource availability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New data for water losses from mature Sitka spruce plantations in temperate upland catchments / Nouvelles données pour les pertes d’eau de plantations adultes de sapins de Sitka en bassins versants tempérés d’altitude

Heal

Stidson

Dickey

et al. 2004

Hydrological Sciences Journal

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Accurate estimates of water losses from mature Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) plantations in the UK uplands are required to assess the sustainability of water supply in the event of land-use change. Many investigations have demonstrated that afforestation increases water losses from temperate upland catchments, to up to 40% of annual site rainfall. In a 0.86 km 2 upland water supply catchment in southwest Scotland, interception loss in a Sitka spruce-dominated 37-year old plantation, was 52% of annual precipitation (2912 mm), considerably higher than reported in previous studies of similar catchments. From direct measurements of rainfall, cloudwater, discharge and soil evaporation, the catchment water balance was 96-117% complete, within the limits of measurement error. The most probable explanation for the higher forest interception loss reported here is the inclusion of cloudwater measurements.Key words catchment water balance; cloudwater; conifer forest; evapotranspiration; interception; stemflow; throughfall; UK; upland catchment; water loss Nouvelles données pour les pertes d'eau de plantations adultes de sapins de Sitka en bassins versants tempérés d'altitudeRésumé Des estimations précises de l'eau perdue par des plantations adultes de sapins de Sitka (Picea sitchensis), dans les zones d'altitude du Royaume Uni, sont nécessaires pour évaluer la durabilité de l'alimentation en eau en cas de changement d'occupation du sol. De nombreuses recherches ont démontré que le reboisement augmente les pertes d'eau subies par des bassins versants d'altitude tempérés, pouvant atteindre 40% des précipitations annuelles. Dans un bassin versant du sud-ouest de l'Ecosse, de 0.86 km 2 , situé en altitude et dédié à l'approvisionnement en eau, la perte par interception au niveau d'une plantation dominée par des sapins de Sitka âgés de 37 ans, a atteint 52% de la précipitation annuelle (2912 mm), ce qui est considérablement plus important que ce qui est montré dans les études précédentes menées sur des bassins similaires. Des mesures directes de la pluie, de l'eau des nuages, du débit et de l'évaporation au sol, ont permis de boucler le bilan du bassin versant avec une précision de 96-117%, ce qui correspond aux erreurs de mesure. L'explication la plus probable de cette perte par interception forestière plus importante est la prise en compte des mesures de l'eau des nuages.Mot clefs bilan hydrologique de bassin versant; eau de nuage; forêt de conifères; évapotranspiration; interception; ruissellement le long des troncs; pluie au sol; Royaume-Uni; bassin versant d'altitude; perte d'eau

show abstract

Fog deposition to Norway Spruce stands at high-elevation sites in the Eastern Erzgebirge (Germany)

Cited by 48 publications

References 9 publications

Exchange of reactive nitrogen compounds: concentrations and fluxes of total ammonium and total nitrate above a spruce canopy

Exchange of reactive nitrogen compounds: concentrations and fluxes of total ammonium and total nitrate above a spruce canopy

Chemical characterization of fog and rain water collected at the eastern Andes cordillera

New data for water losses from mature Sitka spruce plantations in temperate upland catchments / Nouvelles données pour les pertes d’eau de plantations adultes de sapins de Sitka en bassins versants tempérés d’altitude

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