Foeniculum vulgare Miller, a New Chemotype from Montenegro

Abstract

Previous studies relating to prolonged and fractionated distillation procedures highlighted essential oils’ (EOs) chemical composition to be significantly dependent on the extraction duration and harvesting time. As a continuation, a hydrodistillation procedure was applied to ripe fruit material of fennel, Foeniculum vulgare Miller (Apiaceae), collected from three localities in Montenegro (Podgorica, Nikšić, and Kotor) to furnish a total of 12 EOs. Liquid and vapor phases of the samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Headspace-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry techniques, and 18 compounds have been identified. Although both quantitative and qualitative differences between the samples were notable, the phenylpropanoids anethole (ANE) and estragole and the monoterpenoids α-terpineol (TER) and fenchone (FEN) could be singled out as the most abundant constituents. The EOs from Podgorica belong to the most common ANE-rich chemotype, while the predominance of the monoterpenoid fraction is characteristic of the samples from Nikšić and Kotor. The latter is particularly rich in TER (up to 56.5%), with significant amounts of FEN and ANE. This chemical profile could represent a new chemotype of fennel EO. Vapor phases contained mainly monoterpenoids, with increased amounts of FEN and TER, while the number of phenylpropanoids was significantly decreased.

Hydrodistillation and Steam Distillation of Fennel Seeds Essential Oil: Parameter Optimization and Application of Cryomilling Pretreatment

“…However, this classification is not unique. Other studies suggested the classification of even more chemotypes, for example, Mota et al (2015) [42] reported four chemotypes of F. vulgare, namely, anethole, estragole, anethole/estragole, and anethole/fenchone, while Božović et al (2021) [43] proposed the α-terpineolic chemotype as a new chemotype of fennel. Regarding the chemical composition, the literature search revealed that Mimica-Dukić et al (2003) [11] reported a total of 13 chemical constituents in an amount >0.1% in fennel seeds EO obtained under different HD conditions, where the main constituents were anethole (72.27-74.18%), fenchone (11.32-16.35%), and estragole (3.78-5.29%), which is consistent with the results of this study.…”

Essential Oils Biofilm Modulation Activity and Machine Learning Analysis on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Cystic Fibrosis Patients

“…In previous reports, it has been demonstrated that EOs can exert either antibacterial [ 15 , 17 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ] or biofilm modulation effects [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 20 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ]. As a continuation of a previously reported screen for antibacterial and antibiofilm EOs [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 20 , 42 ], herein, 61 previously investigated commercial samples have been evaluated for their abilities to modulate the biofilm formation of six P. aeruginosa clinical strains (22P, 25P, 26P, 27P, 37P, and 39P) in comparison with the reference strains PAO1 and PA14.…”

Effect of Different Soil Treatments on Production and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils Extracted from Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Origanum vulgare L. and Thymus vulgaris L.

“…The dried aerial parts of FV, OV or TV plants were subjected to steam distillation, collecting the condensate for a period of 1 h. Steam distillation was carried out in two modalities, (1) recycled distillation (RD), from which the water/oil double phase was allowed to accumulate without interruption, and (2) continuous distillation (CD) [7][8][9][10][11][36][37][38], the conventional form of EO distillation, where the condensed water/oil layers were collected directly in a bottle during distillation. The distillation time was arbitrarily set at 1 h, which is also a more productive duration [8,9].…”