Foamy Virus in the Tree Shrew Tupaia Belangeri Is Highly Related to Simian Foamy Virus in Macaca Mulatta

Abstract

Foamy viruses (FVs) are ancient retrovirus that infect most nonhuman primates and several animals, but are rarely reported in tree shrew Tupaia belangeri. In the present study, foamy virus was detected in tree shrew. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that FVtup shared the highest homology with SFVmac (99.3%) in China. The discovery of FVtup indicated that the tree shrew is a new host of foamy virus. FVtup is highly prevalent in Tupaia in China and there is the possibility of cross-species transmission from nonhuman primate to Tupaia.

Spumaretroviruses: Updated taxonomy and nomenclature

“…Recently, phylogenetic analyses using amphibian and fish genomes have estimated the date of retrovirus emergence at >450 million years ago (25) with foamy viruses inferred to be the most ancient retrovirus. A recent increase in the number of foamy virus isolates and sequences using a variety of novel molecular and genomic techniques highlights the need for updating and expanding spumaretrovirus taxonomy (15,31,(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48).…”

树鼩——作为一种新颖的非人灵长类实验疾病动物模型

“…As an important human pathogen of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD), Coxsackie virus A16 (CA16) has been successfully used to infect tree shrews to investigate its pathogenesis ( Li et al, 2014 ). Foamy virus can naturally infect Tupaia belangeri chinensis and is highly related to simian foamy virus in Macaca mulatta ( Huang et al, 2013a ). Human H1N1 influenza-infected tree shrews have been shown to display mild to moderate systemic and respiratory symptoms and pathological changes in respiratory tracts ( Yang et al, 2013 ).…”

Evolution of Foamy Viruses: The Most Ancient of All Retroviruses

“…A neighbor-joining tree was calculated by using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method with a bootstrap test of 10,000 replicates. BFV, bovine FV (NP_044929.1); EFV equine FV (NP_054716.1); PFV, prototypic FV (in red) (Y07725.1); SFVcpz, SFV from chimpanzee (CCP47057); SFVgor, SFV from gorilla (AY195688.1); SFVora, SFV from orangutan (CAD67562); SFVagm, African green monkey ( Cercopithecus aethiops ) FV (YP_001956722.2); SFVcha, SFV from Chlorocebus aethiops (CAM34599); SFVcep, SFV from Cercopithecus pygerythrus (AAV92627) ; SFVman, SFV from mandrill (ADO65890.1); SFVpap, SFV from Papio (CAM34655); SFVmcy (previously SFVmac) from Macaca mulatta , SFV from Macaca cyclopis (CAA41394.1); SFVtup, SFV from Tupaia [155] (AGN49359); SFVspm, SFV from spider monkey (ABV59399.1); SFVmar, SFV from marmosets (ADE06000.1); SFVsqu, SFV from squirrel monkeys (ADE05995.1); FFV, feline FV (NP_056914); Puma, FV from Puma concolor (AGC11913); RaFV-1, FV from the bat Rhinolophus affinis (AFK85015); SloEFV, endogenous FV from sloths (Katzourakis et al ., 2009); CoeEFV, endogenous FV in the coelacanth ( Latimeria ) genome (JX006241.1); platyfish EFV, endogenous FV from platyfish (M. Schartl, personal communication); zebrafish EFV, zebrafish (M. Schartl, personal communication); and Cod EFV, codfish (M. Schartl, personal communication) genomes; integrase encoding sequences of the macaque simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac in magenta) (AAC57420.1) served as the outlier; the endogenous FV sequence from aye-aye (PSFVaye) [156] was not incorporated, because integrase sequences are not available.…”

“…FVs have not only been frequently found in NHPs of Old and New World origins, with a prevalence depending on the individual age and mounting up to 100% in grown up animals in the wild [30,37,77]. FVs are also present in prosimians, felines, bovines and equines [3,155,157,158]. Isolated reports on FVs from sheep [159], bison [160] and sea lions [161] suggest their presence in Bovidae and sea mammals.…”